Twenty-Five Years of "GeostandaRef Corner"

A total of twenty-five bibliographic reviews were published between 1979 and 2004 in Geostandards Newsletter, subsequently renamed Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, which list more than 5500 papers. These cited references contain information about geochemical reference materials, analytical methods or address general issues concerning the use of reference materials (protocols for sampling, certification, or new analytical techniques). In support of emerging fields of interest in geoanalysis, frequently associated with environmental research, and reflecting the increased breadth in the topics addressed by the Journal, new reference headings were added over time, while retaining the original style and format of the review. Reference management software was used to extract information from these publications related to methods, reference materials and analytes. Major developments during these 25 years, reflecting both advances in laboratory hardware as well as shifts in research interests, can readily be seen in both the types of reference materials being studied and in nature of the new analytical protocols that were developed. These two topics were the core foci of the twenty-five reviews, though much more information might also be extracted from this extensive resource.     

伊毛缟石在我国的首次发现及其分析电子显微术研究

伊毛缟石是一种具有纤维状形态的类晶质水化铝硅酸盐矿物。本文对我国首次发现于福建郭山风化型高岭土矿床中的伊毛缟石用分析电子显微术进行了矿物学研究。研究结果表明,在透射电镜下,伊毛缟石呈长数μm,宽60—250的似线状或纤维状,这是它最重要的矿物学特征之一。选区电子衍射分析给出d_(42)=3.30、d_(04)=2.10和d_(06)=1.40三个比较(氵弥)散的衍射环所表征的典型伊毛缟石衍射花样。其化学成分主要由SiO_2、Al_2O_3和H_2O组成。     

山东省地质环境质量评价研究

选取综合指数法为主要研究方法,在充分分析和借鉴前人研究经验的基础上,建立了适合山东省地质环境状况的评价指标体系,并对山东省各地市目前的地质环境质量进行了总体评价。研究中选取区域地质条件、地质灾害、人类活动和资源4个指标,各指标下又划分了若干子指标,构成了山东省地质环境质量评价的三级指标体系;然后运用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,并对相关数据进行计算,得出山东省各地市的地质环境质量的综合指数;最后根据各地市的综合指数得分将山东省地质环境质量划分为3类：即地质环境条件相对较好的鲁西鲁北地区、地质环境质量居中的胶东半岛地区和地质环境质量较差的鲁中山区。     

郭山高岭土铁钛赋存状态的分析电子显微术研究

使用分析电子显微术对福建郭山高岭土中铁、钛元素的赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明,高岭土中铁钛的赋存状态分为两类,一类为参加到粘土矿物晶格中的铁和钛,简称为结构铁、结构钛;另一类为游离出现或吸附在高岭矿物(高岭石和埃洛石)颗粒表面的铁、钛矿物。查明了在全铁和全钛中,结构铁和结构钛仅占少数,大部分以铁、钛独立矿物形式出现。从而确定了可将高岭土粘粒级(<2μm)中铁、钛含量降低到的最低限度,这便为提高高岭土品级和经济价值提供了可靠的依据。     

X射线荧光分析技术在四川龙塘铅锌矿成矿规律研究与资源评价中的应用

本文以四川龙塘铅锌矿为例,对X射线荧光分析的技术条件、资料处理、方法应用等方面进行较系统地研究,并把现场测量成果与地质研究密切结合,总结成矿规律,指导找矿预测和资源评价,取得良好效果。     

Selected aspects of studies of sediments from the Ebro River （Spain） and the Dobczyce drinking water reservoir （Poland） within the frames of the European and national research projects

Mineral and organic matter either soluble or suspended are transported by the rivers and when deposited in the bed of the river or in the water reservoir, sediments are formed, whose chemical composition may serve as a fingerprint of the history of the ecosystem. The results of the studies of sediments in water systems （river catchments, reservoirs） can be used not only for the evaluation of the current state of the ecosystem but also to prevent any dangerous environmental changes. Bottom sediments can in many ways accumulate both suspended and soluble components. The process is influenced by several factors like pH, red-ox potential, oxygen content, interactions, etc. The complexity of those phenomena causes that in order to study the accumulation processes of compounds in sediments the application of various analytical techniques is required. The authors participate in two big projects on sediment studies. The AquaTerra Project is the EU funded project on understanding river-sediment-soil-groundwater interactions for support of management of river basins and catchment areas. Our group＇s studies are focused on mercury determination and its speciation in sediments and fish from the Ebro River in Spain. The Dobczyce Project is the national project funded by the Ministry of Education and sciences of Poland which is also a EU member country. The latter covers many aspects of accumulation and fate processes of chemical compounds in sediments of the reservoir which supplies 60% of drinking water to about one million population in the city of Krakow in Poland.     

考虑井阻时空变化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解

软土固结过程中展现出明显的非线性压缩和渗透特性,同时竖井的淤堵效应常导致井阻在固结过程中随深度和时间不断演化,但目前能考虑井阻随时空演化的竖井地基非线性固结解析解还很鲜见。通过引入孔隙比与有效应力及孔隙比与渗透系数间的半对数模型描述了土体的非线性固结特性,建立了能同时考虑井阻随时空变化和涂抹影响的竖井地基非线性固结模型,并采用分离变量法获得了固结模型的解析解。将特定参数下固结解的计算结果与实测数据、已有的竖井地基固结解答进行了对比分析以验证其可靠性。最后,对竖井地基的非线性固结性状开展了大量计算分析。结果表明：竖井渗透系数随深度线性衰减越明显则地基固结速率越慢;外荷载一定时,随着软土压缩指数c_c与渗透率指数c_k之比的增大,竖井地基固结速度减慢;在c_c /c_k值不变的情况下,外荷载增加,地基固结速率加快。在涂抹区的3种径向渗透系数变化模式中,抛物线变化模式下的地基固结速度最快,线性变化模式下的地基固结速度次之,恒定模式下的地基固结速度最慢,且这种性状并不因为考虑井阻变化或土体非线性固结特性而发生改变。     

初始孔压非均布下一维地基砂垫层优化研究

针对吹填土地基水平排水砂垫层铺设深度优化问题,建立了初始孔压非均布下含砂垫层地基的一维固结模型,利用有限Fourier正弦变换法得出了超静孔压和地基整体平均固结度的解答并通过退化验证了解答的正确性。采用二分法分析了砂垫层的最优铺设深度随时间的演化规律,给出了砂垫层最优铺设深度与时间的关系图。研究表明：在固结初期,砂垫层宜放置在土中初始超静孔压较大的位置;在固结后期,砂垫层的最优设置深度为土体厚度的2/3（单面排水）或者1/2（双面排水）的位置。以预压地基平均固结度达到90%所需时间最短为例,当初始孔压倒三角形、正三角形与梯形分布时,单面排水条件下,应分别在0.52、0.72、0.62倍地基土深度处设置砂垫层;双面排水条件下,应分别在0.42、0.58、0.46倍地基土深度处设置砂垫层。最后通过算例分析了当地基土中砂垫层采用最优铺设深度时,与在中间位置铺设砂垫层、不设砂垫层的情况分别进行对比,当时间因子取0.09时,地基土平均固结度分别提高6%和54%。     

Simplified three-dimensional analysis of horizontally vibrating floating and fixed-end pile groups

This note presents an approximate analytical solution for estimating the time-harmonic impedance of pile groups subjected to horizontal dynamic loads, for different boundary conditions at pile tip (free and fixed). The derived solution considers waves due to pile vibrations propagating in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike earlier solutions based on the plane-strain model, which ignores vertically propagating waves. This allows accounting for pile boundary conditions on the soil attenuation function, as well as modeling the response of the pipe group-soil system near the first natural frequency of the soil layer, where solutions based on the plane-strain model fail to account for resonance phenomena.     

均质非饱和边坡降雨入渗解析解及在黄土边坡的应用

降雨诱发的黄土边坡失稳非常普遍。建立黄土边坡渗流场计算模型,基于非饱和土渗流控制方程。采用VG函数和Gardner函数分别描述土-水特征曲线和渗透系数曲线,利用行波约化和级数展开法推导降雨入渗解析解。利用数值反演法将模型试验数据对土-水参数拟合,证明了该解析解的有效性。对比分析试验值与解析解在不同工况下体积含水率分布规律,分析结果表明：边坡试验模型中的浅层测点体积含水率试验值与解析解较为接近,试验值在浸润锋下移的过程中所达到的体积含水率峰值相比解析解较小;边坡试验模型中的深层测点体积含水率试验值与解析解在前期存在一定误差,深层测点体积含水率解析解在初期增长速度相较于试验值较快,主要原因是较深土层浸润锋的滞后性。