The Amplitude-Duration Relation of Observed El Nino Events

The authors demonstrate that the El Ni o events in the pre-and post-1976 periods show two ampli-tude-duration relations. One is that the stronger El Ni o events have longer durations, which is robust for the moderate El Ni o events; the other is that the stronger El Ni o events have shorter durations but for strong El Nio events. By estimating the sign and amplitude of the nonlinear dynamical heating (NDH) anomalies, the authors illustrate that the NDH anomalies are negligible for moderate El Nio events but large for strong El Nio events. In particular, the large NDH anomalies for strong El Nio events are positive during the growth and mature phases, which favor warmer El Nio events. During the decay phase, however, the negative NDH anomalies start to arise and become increasingly significant with the evolution of the El Nio events, in which the negative NDH anomalies dampen the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and cause the El Nio events to reach the SST normal state earlier. This pattern suggests that the nonlinearity tends to increase the intensities of strong El Nio events and shorten their duration, which, together with the previous results showing a positive correlation between the strength of El Nio events and the significance of the effect of nonlinear advection on the events (especially the suppression of nonlinearity on the SSTA during the decay phase), shows that the strong El Nio events tend to have the amplitude-duration relation of the stronger El Nio events with shorter durations. This result also lends support to the assertion that moderate El Nio events possess the amplitude-duration relation of stronger El Nio events with longer durations.     

基于16QAM信号星座点判决域切换的混合正方形轮廓线算法

提出了一种基于16QAM信号星座点判决域切换的混合正方形轮廓线算法.该算法通过判决输出信号是否在星座点判决域内,在正方形轮廓线算法和判决导引算法之间进行切换,不仅能够对输出信号进行相位恢复,而且可以得到更小的剩余码间干扰.水声信道仿真结果表明:与传统的正方形轮廓线算法相比,混合正方形轮廓线算法的码间干扰更低,输出星座点更紧凑,对水声信道具有良好的均衡能力.     

基于DEM的中国地形起伏度适宜计算尺度研究

基于SRTM和ASTER DEM数据,在全国范围内选取13个实验区,在渐变尺度下计算平均起伏度变化曲线的"突变点",据此确定中国地形起伏度的适宜计算尺度;结合山地界定标准计算各实验区山地面积,并采用人工解译的山地范围对计算结果进行检验。研究结果表明:1)地形起伏度适宜计算尺度与所采用的DEM数据有关,DEM分辨率越小,地形起伏度适宜计算尺度越大;2)针对同一分辨率DEM数据,中国境内的地形起伏度适宜计算尺度随地貌特征变化而变化,但总体变化幅度不大;3)针对SRTM和ASTER DEM两种常用数据源,分别选择4.72km2和3.20km2作为地形起伏度适宜计算尺度是合理的,山地界定精度达90%以上。     

基于ASTER GDEM数据的青藏高原东部山区地形起伏度分析

以青藏高原东部山区为研究区,基于高空间分辨率的ASTER GDEM数据,通过AML语言编程调用ArcGIS中用于邻域分析的focal函数,计算不同邻域尺度单元下地形起伏度。研究表明:邻域尺度单元大小对地形起伏度计算至关重要,起伏度值先随邻域尺度单元面积增大而快速增大,当邻域尺度单元面积达一定阈值后,其增大速度开始减缓并趋于平稳,且在增速减慢过程中存在一明显拐点,即最佳邻域尺度单元。通过高差显著性变化检验法,确定最佳邻域尺度单元为5.0625km2,据此制作地形起伏度分级图,发现研究区自西北向东南地形起伏度逐步增加,地势以中度起伏(200～500m)为主。     

云南省降雪特征分析

阐述了云南降雪形成的山地环境因子．同时运用统计方法对云南1980-2000年降雪的时间与地域空间的格局变化进行分析,初步把云南降雪区域划分为滇西北高山常年-长期降雪区、滇中-滇东北山原季节降雪区、滇西-滇东南山地少降雪区和滇南-滇西南无降雪区．     

Influence of glacial isostatic adjustment upon current sea level variations in the Mediterranean

Present-day sea level variations in the Mediterranean depend on various factors, including recent climatic forcing, tectonic activity, anthropogenic effects, and glacio-isostatic adjustment. The latter is governed by mantle rheology and the spatio–temporal distribution of the late-Pleistocene ice sheets and it is expected to produce a long-wavelength pattern of sea level variations across the Mediterranean, mostly determined by the response of the solid earth and of the geoid to loading effects of melt water since the end of deglaciation. Modeling glacio-isostatic effects in this region is necessary for a correct interpretation of tide gauge and GPS time-series, and thereby to constrain both the present-day climate-related sea level rise and regional or local geological, tectonic and human-driven displacements. By an exhaustive exploration of the parameter space of mantle rheology and ice sheet chronologies, in this work we outline upper and lower bounds on the current rate of sea level variation associated with glacial isostatic adjustment in the Mediterranean. This may contribute to a full assessment of coastal vulnerability by sea level rise on a regional and local scale.     

Macro- and trace-element concentrations in leaves and roots of Phragmites australis in a volcanic lake in Southern Italy

Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Ni, Pb, S, V and Zn concentrations were determined during a whole seasonal cycle in leaves and in water and sediment roots of the aquatic macrophyte Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel from three sites in the Lake Averno (Naples, Italy), a volcanic lake contaminated by trace elements. At the beginning of the research, elemental analysis was also performed on lake sediments, that showed different trace-element concentrations depending on the sites.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and seasonal variations in groundwater quality of an alluvial aquifer in parts of Central Ganga Plain,Western Uttar Pradesh,India

The present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of groundwater in parts of the Central Ganga Plain and observe seasonal variations in its chemical quality. Systematic sampling was carried out during November 2005 and June 2006. The major ion chemistry of groundwater shows large variations, so much so that at times the meteoric signature seems to be completely obliterated. In many samples the concentrations of SO₄, NO₃ and F are above the permissible limit for human consumption. The graphical treatment of major ion chemistry helps in identifying four types of groundwater. All possible ionic species such as NaCl, KCl, NaHCO₃, NaSO₄, KNO₃, NaNO₃, CaHCO₃, MgHCO₃, MgSO₄ are likely to occur in groundwater system. The observed chemical variations may be attributed to sediment water interaction, ion exchange, dissolution mechanisms and anthropogenic influences such as application of fertilizers and effluents from sugar factories and paper mills. A general increase in TDS is observed in samples during June 2006. The increase in salinity is attributed to evaporation from water table, irrigation return flows, anthropogenic activities and below average rainfall in 2005 and 2006. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

三维连片处理技术在煤田勘查中的应用

煤田三维地震勘探在一个井田内一般多采用分期分块的勘探方式,然后将分散的解释成果拼接成整个区域的构造图。这种方式往往对连接部分的构造形态把握不准。连片处理技术则是将相邻的多个地震资料处理成一个数据体,统一解释。经连片处理后的资料大大避免了边界效应,加大了资料的可利用量,提高了区域构造解释的精度。三维地震资料连片处理的关键技术是解决各区块间观测系统的整合,以及原始资料在振幅、相位及波形上的一致性等问题。在梁宝寺一号井4块勘探区共计14.55km^2的三维地震资料的连片处理中,首先统一坐标系内,重新划分面元,并且采取了全区统一校正、振幅均衡及子波形一致性整形处理等技术,以确保各个采区地震信号的运动学特征和动力学特征的一致性。经连片处理后其叠加剖面在拼接处的振幅、频率、相位特征一致性较好,无拼接痕迹,取得了较好的处理效果。     

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).