三维地震技术在探测煤矿腔状采空区中的应用

采用三维地震勘探方法对采空区进行勘探,虽积累了大量的经验,但在实际应用中,解释误差依然存在,尤其是煤层顶板悬空,并在一定范围内呈"腔状"类型的采空区,会出现较高的"漏检率"。为此根据实际地层序列设计了地质模型,对采空区的地震反射波场特征进行了研究。将腔状采空区充气、充水时的正演地震剖面,与煤层开采前正常地层波场响应特征进行对比发现,煤层开采后将会产生比正常波场能量更强的反射波组。另外根据腔状采空区充水和充气反射波最大振幅及反射波频谱对比结果,还发现充气时产生的反射波能量比充水时产生的反射波能量强;充气时产生的反射波频率比充水时产生的反射波频率要低。山西左权佳瑞煤业有限公司的应用实例佐证了三维地震勘探技术探测腔状采空区的有效性。     

云南漾濞M6.4地震前定点形变资料特征分析

对2021-05-21云南漾濞M6.4地震震中200 km内的水管仪和伸缩仪2015-01-01～2021-05-20整时值观测资料进行分析和处理发现,自2019年开始各台站的两套仪器观测曲线都同步出现趋势性转折或年变幅度减小的现象,且异常出现时间与震中距有一定的关系:震中距越近,异常出现的时间越早;震中距越远,异常出...     

一次人工触发闪电事件的定位误差分析

利用一次包含8次回击过程的人工触发闪电事件的近距离光电观测数据,分析了广东省气象闪电定位系统对其回击过程的定位结果。结果表明,回击过程探测效率约为75%(6/8),回击平均定位误差约为3768m。为了分析定位误差来源,通过对比分析的方法,逐次引入各探测子站原始记录重新进行定位计算,发现剔除误差较大的探测子站后,平均定位误差为2192m,比原来降低42%。     

武汉地区云地闪电特征及防护效率研究

采用武汉地区2006年3月至2009年2月云地闪电资料,统计分析了武汉地区云地闪电特征及其直击雷防护效率,为该地区的雷电防护工程设计和雷击风险评估提供参考依据。统计分析表明,武汉地区年平均云地闪电次数为45693次;负闪电占闪电总数的96.0%,平均负闪电强度为32.6 kA;正闪电占闪电总数的4.0%,平均正闪电强度为38.3 kA。4-8月闪电占全年闪电总数的96.9%,其中7-8月闪电占全年闪电总数的70.8%,9月至次年3月闪电仅占全年闪电总数的3.1%。正、负闪电强度主要集中在10-50 kA,平均陡度为12 kA/μs左右。通过统计分析,拟合出适合武汉地区大于某一雷电流幅值累计概率方程。武汉市新洲区西南部与黄陂区东南部交接地区和江夏区东部地区是闪电高密度中心,年平均闪电次数在8.5次/km~2以上。武汉地区建筑物直击雷保护范围按照1、2、3类防雷类别设计时,其绕击率分别为1.3%、3.3%和11.5%,反击率分别为0.1%、0.2%、1.6%。     

Array processing-a new method to detect and correct errors on array resistivity logging tool measurements

In recent years more and more multi-array logging tools, such as the array induction and the array lateralog, are applied in place of conventional logging tools resulting in increased resolution, better radial and vertical sounding capability and other features. Multi-array logging tools acquire several times more individual measurements than conventional logging tools. In addition to new information contained in these data, there is a certain redundancy among the measurements. The sum of the measurements actu- ally composes a large matrix. Providing the measurements are error-free, the elements of this matrix show certain consistencies. Taking advantage of these consistencies, an innovative method is developed to de- tect and correct errors in the array resistivity logging tool raw measurements, and evaluate the quality of the data. The method can be described in several steps. First, data consistency patterns are identified based on the physics of the measurements. Second, the measurements are compared against the consis- tency patterns for error and bad data detection. Third, the erroneous data are eliminated and the measure- ments are re-constructed according to the consistency patterns. Finally, the data quality is evaluated by comparing the raw measurements with the re-constructed measurements. The method can be applied to all array type logging tools, such as array induction tool and array resistivity tool. This paper describes the method and illustrates its application with the High Definition Lateral Log (HDLL, Baker Atlas) instru- ment. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, several field examples are shown and discussed.     

Earthquake source model using strong motion displacement as response of finite elastic media

The strong motion displacement records available during an earthquake can be treated as the response of the earth as the a structural system to unknown forces acting at unknown locations. Thus, if the part of the earth participating in ground motion is modelled as a known finite elastic medium, one can attempt to model the source location and forces generated during an earthquake as an inverse problem in structural dynamics. Based on this analogy, a simple model for the basic earthquake source is proposed. The unknown source is assumed to be a sequence of impulses acting at locations yet to be found. These unknown impulses and their locations are found using the normal mode expansion along with a minimization of mean square error. The medium is assumed to be finite, elastic, homogeneous, layered and horizontal with a specific set of boundary conditions. Detailed results are obtained for Uttarkashi earthquake. The impulse locations exhibit a linear structure closely associated with the causative fault. The results obtained are shown to be in good agreement with reported values. The proposed engineering model is then used to simulate the acceleration time histories at a few recording stations. The earthquake source in terms of a sequence of impulses acting at different locations is applied on a 2D finite elastic medium and acceleration time histories are found using finite element methods. The synthetic accelerations obtained are in close match with the recorded accelerations.     

定向裂缝对地震波速度和振幅影响的比较—实验结果分析

利用垂直定向裂缝模型和MTS岩石物性测试系统，测试了不同材料和不同状态裂缝模型的地震特征响应。对特征响应进行分析和比较后发现，虽然波的传播速度，振幅，吸收衰减，主频均可用来检测裂缝的特征参数，但是裂缝变化对振幅的影响大于对速度的影响。因此，利用地震波的振幅、衰减等属性参数检测裂缝特征比利用速度参数更有效。     

Evaluation on the accuracy of digital elevation models

There is a growing interest in investigating the accuracy of digital elevation model (DEM). However people usually have an unbalanced view on DEM errors. They emphasize DEM sampling errors, but ignore the impact of DEM resolution and terrain roughness on the accuracy of terrain representation. This research puts forward the concept of DEM terrain representation error (Et) and then investigates the generation, factors, measurement and simulation of DEM terrain representation errors. A multi-resolution and multi-relief comparative approach is used as the major methodology in this research. The experiment reveals a quantitative relationship between the error and the variation of resolution and terrain roughness at a global level. Root mean square error (RMS Et) is regressed against surface profile curvature (V) and DEM resolution (R) at 10 resolution levels. It is found that the RMS Et may be expressed as RMS Et = (0.0061 × V+ 0.0052) × R - 0.022 × V + 0.2415. This result may be very useful in forecasting DEM accuracy, as well as in determining the DEM resolution related to the accuracy requirement of particular application.     

Anisotropy of the upper mantle in Chinese mainland and its vicinity

IntroductionAnisotropy is a universal phenomenon in the upper mantle. The mechanisms, which cause elastic anisotropy of in-situ rocks, include lattice preferred orientation of the minerals composing the rocks and preferred orientation of magma chambers. Lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine is widely believed to be the dominant cause of the upper mantle anisotropy. The observational results of the upper mantle anisotropy can be explained by tectonic process relating to plate motion.…