露天矿山境界优化的三维可视化技术

对采矿业而言,传统的二维信息化方式己经不能满足矿山发展的需要,在三维环境下进行矿山生产设计和管理己成为必然趋势,同时也是实现数字矿山建设的基础性技术。智能矿山生态建立的重要组成部分是矿山三维地质建模,结合三维模型和储量计算,设计了包括境界优化、开采设计、爆破设计及矿石平衡环节的采剥管理流程,阐述了各环节的作用及必要性,着重研究了境界优化的2种常用算法,即浮动圆锥法与LG图论法。设计的露天矿山三维模型与采剥管理系统能为矿山生产提供更精准全面的指导信息,提高各业务部门的信息融合与协同能力,帮助矿山更高效、安全、合理地生产。     

Statistical analysis of estuarine profiles: II application to arsenic in the Tamar estuary (S.W. England)

By combining field observations with a statistical approach and a simple but effective estuarine analogue, the main features of the cycling of arsenic in the Tamar estuary have been elucidated. As(III) and As(V) enrichment in the water column is due to a combination of localized inputs and effective recycling of sediment interstitial waters. The profiles of As(V) are similar to those of NH₄⁺ and are dominated by an estuarine maximum resulting from an input from the sediments. As(III) profiles are correlated with those of dissolved manganese and exhibit both fresh water and estuarine maxima. As(III) appears to be effectively removed at the freshwater/brackish water interface by a combination of heterogenous oxidation, catalysed by hydrous manganese dioxide, and adsorption on to iron oxyhydroxide. The estuarine distribution of As(III) within the water column is consistent with the published rates of oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by both inorganic and microbiological processes. The reduction of As(V) to As(III) in the sediments is incomplete. On the basis of our observations a tentative estuarine arsenic cycle is presented.     

低氧、高铵和低光对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长与C-N代谢生理指标的影响特征

湖泊富营养化导致沉水植被大面积衰退和群落逆向演替,诱发一系列次生环境问题,并严重影响到水域生态环境质量.为了从对植物表型生长与C-N代谢生理指标影响的角度深度揭示富营养化水体中沉水植被的致衰退机制,本文以我国长江中下游淡水湖泊常见沉水植物优势种群——苦草(Vallisneria natans)为研究对象,利用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验设计方法,实验模拟研究富营养化水体中低氧、高铵和低光3种重要因素对苦草生长与C-N代谢生理指标的胁迫影响特征.本试验设置了3因素4水平,分别为4个低光照强度(50%、40%、30%和20%自然光照)和4个高铵浓度水平(0.5、1、2和4 mg/L)以及4个低氧处理浓度(7.5、6.5、5.5和4 mg/L).结果显示:光照强度低于30%、溶解氧浓度低于5.5 mg/L时,植株生长与C代谢受阻严重,碳水化合物储存量降低;铵态氮1.0 mg/L时,苦草N代谢活跃,游离氨基酸(FAA)含量明显升高,可溶性糖(SC)/FAA比降低,淀粉呈降低趋势.研究表明富营养湖泊中苦草的衰退是多种因素综合作用的结果,低氧、高铵与低光均会对苦草的生长与C-N代谢产生不利影响;受损沉水植被在藻-草稳态转换的富营养化湖泊中应通过控制水体高铵浓度,严控低氧出现,及时提高水下照度或透明度(如控磷)来予以保护和科学管理;而在次生裸地且藻类占优势的富营养化水体中沉水植被的恢复与重建过程不仅要降低水体营养盐水平尤其是氨氮的水平,还应着重考虑如何有效提高水下光强与溶解氧浓度,并将如上环境因子控制在一定变幅范围内,且控制条件应原则上严于保护受损沉水植被所需的条件.     

氨海水与5-羟色胺对栉孔扇贝解剖卵的体外促熟作用

研究氨海水与5-羟色胺(5-HT)对栉孔扇贝解剖获得卵母细胞的促熟作用。通过体外浸泡的方法处理栉孔扇贝卵母细胞使其成熟,并完成人工受精。结果表明一定浓度的氨海水可显著促使栉孔扇贝卵母细胞生发泡破裂,但经过氨处理的卵母细胞受精率却不高;5-羟色胺不能诱导栉孔扇贝卵母细胞生发泡破裂,但可有效地使已经发生生发泡破裂的卵母细胞进一步成熟。先用氨海水处理然后用5-羟色胺处理可以得到最佳诱导效果,受精率可达(40.02±2.73)%。     

延安治沟造地小流域水库氨氮对降雨变化的响应

地球关键带是以小流域为单元的近地表开放系统。流域内坝库体系作为小流域物质迁移的重要汇集区,将坝库水体作为研究对象,监测其物质浓度变化,并与气候变化和人类活动等因素进行关联性分析,对于理解和预测小流域物质迁移过程、规律和变化趋势具有基础理论意义和现实指导意义。当前,流域水文过程与氮迁移的耦合研究较多关注硝态氮,而对氨氮关注较少,导致了关键带过程中水文和氮循环耦合过程的部分环节缺失。本研究以延安顾屯治沟（填沟）造地小流域为对象,研究小流域水库氨氮浓度周时间尺度的动态变化及其与降雨的联系,揭示强烈人类活动影响下黄土小流域氨氮迁移特征和可能的内在机制。通过对上游至下游5座水库氨氮浓度连续1年（2016年6月至2017年5月）的每周监测,结果表明：5座水库氨氮浓度变化均滞后于降雨事件1~2周,而与月降雨量和降雨前流域湿润指数的变化趋势相比,则滞后1个月;不同季节之间,5座水库夏季和秋季氨氮浓度远高于冬季和春季。水库与地下水的氨氮浓度变化趋势一致,且存在显著线性关系（p < 0.001）,表明降雨可能通过影响地下水氨氮浓度从而影响水库氨氮浓度。降雨入渗的影响因素,如降雨量、降雨强度、降雨持续时间和降雨前流域湿润程度,控制着水库氨氮浓度上升的幅度。从空间分布来看,小流域上游至下游水库氨氮浓度呈显著正相关（p < 0.001）,且相邻2座水库氨氮相关系数大于不相邻水库。降雨量较大的夏季、秋季和春季水库间氨氮浓度变化的相关性均大于降雨量较小的冬季。这些现象表明,降雨是延安治沟造地小流域水库氨氮的重要控制因素,其中水分在雨水-地下水-水库系统和上游水库-下游水库系统的迁移过程起到关键性作用。

     

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion Rate of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus Juveniles

The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q₁₀(respiration) and Q₁₀(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q₁₀(respiration), Q₁₀(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.     

Sediment quality of the lower St. Johns River, Florida: an integrative assessment of benthic fauna, sediment-associated stressors, and general habitat characteristics

Sediment quality of the lower St. Johns River (LSJR) estuary, Florida was evaluated using synoptic data on benthic community structure, levels of potential stressors (chemical contaminants, ammonia and sulfide), and other basic habitat characteristics (depth, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature) collected at seven stations, three times a year from July 2000-July 2002. Un-ionized ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected at toxic levels on at least one sampling occasion at four stations. Chemical contamination of sediment at probable bioeffect levels also was observed at four stations. Concentrations of pesticides or other chemical substances typically associated with human activities (e.g., PCBs) were detectable at all stations, though not always present at concentrations likely of causing significant bioeffects. A total of 251 taxa and 9783 individuals were identified and enumerated from the benthic infaunal samples. Polychaete worms and molluscs dominated the benthic fauna at all seven stations. The opportunistic and pollution-tolerant polychaete Streblospio benedicti was the most abundant species overall (from all samples combined), appearing as a dominant at five of the seven stations. Overall, the sites sampled as part of this study indicate a highly stressed benthos resulting from multiple anthropogenic impacts.     

天然海水硝酸盐氮同位素组成的蒸馏法测定

建立了测定天然海水中硝酸盐氮同位素组成的蒸馏法,该方法主要是在碱性条件下利用戴氏合金将海水中的硝酸盐还原为氨,后利用稀盐酸吸收生产的氨,将得到的氨吸收液浓缩后干燥结晶,利用同位素比值质谱仪测定所得晶体的氮同位素组成。研究中开展了戴氏合金添加量及氨吸收溶液在不同条件下干燥结晶对氮同位素测值的影响研究。结果表明,戴氏合金添加量为3.0 g及60 ℃下直接干燥结晶为最佳的实验条件。所建立的氨蒸馏法氮空白值仅为(0.90±0.19) μmol,低于此前文献报道的氮空白值;氮同位素组成(δ15N)空白值为(-14.7±4.1)×10-3。运用所建立的氨蒸馏法实测得到的硝酸盐δ15N值与氨扩散法、硝酸盐直接测定法得到的数值非常吻合,进一步证明所建立氨蒸馏法的可靠性。改进后的氨蒸馏法适用于硝酸盐浓度在2~50 μmol/dm3内的天然海水硝酸盐氮同位素组成的测定,方法的标准偏差为±0.3×10-3。     

Estimation of the rate constant for the reaction of acid sulphate aerosol with NH3 gas from atmospheric measurements

Horizontal gradients in atmospheric aerosol strong acidity have been interpreted in terms of the rate of neutralisation of aerosol H⁺ by gaseous ammonia. The results indicate a pseudo-first-order rate constant for this reaction within the range 4×10^-6 s^-1 to 4.1×10^-4 s^-1 consistent with model results and experimental data derived by other methods. The rate constant is reduced as the aerosol becomes less acidic, which is reflected in a positive correlation between rate constant and aerosol H⁺/NH₄ ⁺ ratio.     

微型生态系统中鲢、鳙下行影响的实验研究——2.营养物水平

链、镛放养使微型生态系统的水柱氮、磷浓度和磷的分布发生了明显的变化。至实验结束时,各实验组的水柱颗粒磷、总磷和氨氮浓度都比对照组高,而正磷酸盐浓试和沉积物磷的量均低于对照组。这种变化以鳙单养系统为最大,其次是链、镛混养系统,链单养系统的变化最小。微型生态系统中正磷酸盐浓度同浮游动、植物密度和初级生产力显著相关,氨氮浓度同所述变量之间的相关关系则多半与正磷酸盐相反。实验观测期间浮游植物密度与总磷浓度