高精度CTD剖面仪研制过程中的专用设备

本文介绍了“油水分离压力罐”的主要理论依据及该设备采用的特殊的机械结构，实践证明，利用该设备实现了在实验室条件下，模拟深海重力场检测CTD剖面仪中的某些关键传感器的目的。     

Multi-stakeholder collaboration yields valuable data for cetacean conservation in Gamba,Gabon

Private industry, the Government of Gabon and two international NGOs collaborated to conduct marine surveys off the coast of Gabon, Central Africa. Surveys addressed multiple objectives of surveillance and monitoring, the documentation of the distribution of and threats to the marine megafauna, and capacity-building among government agents and local early-career scientists. During 22 days of survey effort over a two-year period, observers documented humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae, bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, Atlantic humpback dolphins Sousa teuszii and common dolphins Delphinus delphis. Humpback whale presence was limited to the months of July to November. Bottlenose dolphins were present year-round and photo-identification of individuals indicated a closed, resident population, with an abundance estimate of 118 (CV = 21.6%, 95% CI 78–180). Small open-decked fishing vessels with gillnets were observed concentrated around river mouths within 2 km of shore, while commercial trawlers were at least 10 km offshore; all were confirmed to be registered and legal. Observations of marine turtles, flocks of marine birds, and floating logs and other debris were sparse. This multi-stakeholder collaboration to conduct a marine survey can serve as an effective model by which funding and logistic support from private industry paired with technical expertise from NGOs and academic institutions can benefit marine and coastal conservation.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF INTERGRANULAR PRESSURE SOLUTION OF PLAGIOCLASE GOUGE UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE: METHOD AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS

To understand the mechanism of lower-crust earthquake and slow slips, it is necessary to study the frictional properties of mafic rocks and their major rock-forming minerals. Previous studies have performed a series of experimental researches on gabbro, basalt and their major constituents. According to the results of previous experiments, frictional sliding of plagioclase under hydrothermal conditions(100~600℃)shows a property of velocity weakening, and the experimental results show that both the direct rate effect parameter(a)and the healing effect parameter(b)increase with temperature, a typical feature for thermally-activated processes. Velocity weakening means property of a shear band that has a stronger friction healing effect than the direct rate effect in the rate and state friction constitutive framework, and the healing effect(b value)in constitutive relation mainly reflects the increase in contact area with time under hydrothermal conditions, with some minor effect of structural changes. Since the microphysical mechanism of feldspar minerals at the contacts is mainly brittle cataclasis for temperatures below 600℃, the significant frictional healing effect in this case can only be explained by the mechanism of pressure solution. In order to determine if the dissolution process of plagioclase actually occurs on the laboratory time scale, we conducted hydrostatic experiments on plagioclase powder samples under hydrothermal conditions whereby frequent contact switch between particles seen in frictional sliding experiments can be avoided, making the observation on the dissolution sites possible. Experimental temperatures were 400℃ and 500℃, with confining pressure of 90~150MPa, pore pressure of 30MPa, with 2mm initial thickness of fault gouge. The mechanical data show that a creep process occurred in the plagioclase fault gouge in the experimental temperature and pressure range; and the microstructures of the experiment show that precipitation of new grains is prevalent as the product of pressure solution process between plagioclase particles. At the same time, it is observed that the contact points have an appearance similar to fused, fuzzy structure as signatures of dissolution. The results of our experiments provide a definite experimental evidence for the healing mechanism in friction of plagioclase and for the theoretical relation between unstable slip and the pressure solution process. The results of the experiments are summarized as follows: (1)Drainage rate of pore water in plagioclase gouge was high in the first few hours of experiment, but gradually decreases over time for both temperature and pressure series of experiments slowing down to a steady state. This feature indicates that there is a creep process that evolves inside the plagioclase gouge. In the temperature-series experiments, the drainage rate of the pore water in the plagioclase gouge at 400℃ is relatively low than the cases for higher temperatures. Thus, the applied temperature is positively correlated with the creep of plagioclase gouge. (2)Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations of the experimentally deformed samples were performed on thin sections cut along the sample axis. Firstly, from the images of microstructure, it was found that the degree of particle fracture became more significant at a higher effective pressure, with smaller pore volume between particles. In the temperature-series experiments it was found that the degree of compaction of plagioclase gouge increased with increasing temperature. Precipitation of plagioclase grains in layered structures was generally observed in high-magnification images, indicating the presence of pressure solution processes. Contact points were also found to be in a state of ambiguity that seems to be a fused morphology, but the details of the structure remain to be determined by further observations. The above results indicate that the pressure solution process of plagioclase particles can occur on a typical laboratory time scale, and the results of this study provide robust experimental evidences for the theory that links between pressure solution and the mechanism of frictional healing and unstable slips for plagioclase.     

霍山皖33井水位与"霍山窗"小震活动关系的初步研究

分析了霍山皖33井水位变化与"霍山窗"地震活动的关系:首先采用差分法和从属函数等方法对水位数据进行处理,提取了水位的短期异常,结果表明该井水位异常对霍山以及周边地区的中小地震有较好的反映;其次,通过对该井水位与"霍山窗"小震活动性的对比研究,发现该地区小地震在水位低值时活跃.参考该地区的环境剪应力,我们认为霍山皖33井...     

云南地区背景噪声互相关函数中体波信号来源初探

利用云南地区43个宽频带地震台站记录的2008～2010年垂直分量数据,计算了台站对间的互相关函数并得到了5～40 s周期的瑞利面波信号。研究发现在5～10 s周期范围内,瑞利面波信号之前存在很强的前驱信号,该信号能量优势频段为0.1～0.2 Hz,其到时接近噪声互相关函数零点,视速度约为30 km/s。该信号到时随季节存在正负交替变化,进一步的质点分析表明该信号为出射角较小的P波信号。参考已有的研究,认为远场地脉动噪声源中的P波信号穿过地球深部到达云南地区,形成了噪声互相关函数中视速度较高的体波信号,并且相关的噪声源位置在冬季和夏季分别位于北太平洋和南印度洋,具有明显的季节性空间变化。     

水轮机流道压力脉动诱发厂房振动分析

水轮机压力脉动是引起厂房内源振动的主要诱因,如何在振动系统中合理、准确地施加水力荷载的振源特性,是目前机组振动分析的主要难点.文中将压力脉动假定为简谐荷载,通过跟踪楼板的振动变化和共振校核确定机组的振源特性,采用有限元法精细模拟了水轮机流道压力脉动诱发的厂房振动问题,并结合电站特点提出振动控制标准的建议值,由此对振动进...     

四川自贡—隆昌地区注水诱发地震研究

基于2007年1月—2010年8月四川自贡地方数字测震台网和流动台站记录的地震观测资料,并结合注水井(家33井)的加压注水数据,研究了自贡—隆昌地区三个丛集区域(A、B、C)地震活动与家33井注水压力及注水量的相关性,同时从注水区域及邻区局部应力状态呈现的差异研究其发震机理.结果表明:家33井加压注水对其所在的B区地震活动具有明显的调控作用,负压注水阶段,注水量对地震活动的影响不大,地震活动处于较弱状态;加压注水阶段,在压力持续升高的背景下,地震活动明显增强,其频次、强度与注水量呈现较好的相关性.研究区三次4级地震震源较浅、且均为逆冲型,震源机制节面与其震中附近断层走向一致.基于大量小震震源机制解,统计获得B区震源机制节面走向和P轴方位较A区相对离散;与川东南地区已有应力场结果相比,反演获得的B区主压应力方位较A区扰动偏大,可见在统一应力场的作用下,A、B区域小震震源机制解节面走向、P轴方位及反演得到的局部区域应力场呈现出的差异,与家33井加压注水有一定的关系.     

深厚覆盖层上心墙堆石坝强震动力响应分析

土石坝由于施工便捷、取材方便,是目前我国西部比较常见的一种坝型。但西部地区地震活动频繁且烈度较高,特别是一些土石坝坝基下存在深厚覆盖层,对土石坝的地震动力响应有重要影响。采用黏弹性模型-等效线性化方法对国内某拟建土石坝进行三维动力响应分析。考虑到实际土石坝坝体是不完全排水的,将根据经验公式得到的残余体变分成两部分,一部分转化为残余孔压,另一部分为产生的残余变形。根据有限元计算结果,分析在坝基深厚覆盖层影响下坝体残余变形、加速度响应、残余孔压等动力反应的特征和分布规律。计算结果符合一般规律,说明本文采用的计算方法适用于含深厚覆盖层心墙堆石坝的静动力分析。     

Identification of modal parameters of a 600-m-high skyscraper from field vibration tests

Accurate prediction of the dynamic responses of a high-rise building subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquake and wind excitations requires the information of its structural dynamic properties such as modal parameters including natural frequencies and damping ratios. This paper presents the identification results of the modal parameters based on field vibration tests on a 600-m high skyscraper. A set of tests, including ambient vibration test (AVT) and free vibration test (FVT), were conducted on the skyscraper to identify its modal parameters. Firstly, this paper presents and discusses the modal parameters of the skyscraper assessed by several identification methods applied to the AVT measurements. These methods include the wavelet transform (WT) method, the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method, and the random decrement technique (RDT). Secondly, an active mass damper (AMD) system with total mass 1000 tons equipped into the skyscraper was used to excite the building for estimation of the modal parameters by FVT. Thirdly, this paper presents observations on the structural dynamic behavior of the skyscraper with the operation of the AMD system during a typhoon event. The field measurement results show that the AMD system functioned efficiently for suppression of the wind-induced vibrations of the skyscraper during the typhoon. This paper aims to further understand the structural dynamic properties of super-tall buildings and provide useful information for structural design and vibration control of future skyscrapers.     

基于旁压试验土体弹塑性本构模型初探

在大量旁压试验数据分析的基础上,通过曲线拟合,建立了旁压试验弹塑性阶段曲线的椭圆方程,利用土体SMP屈服准则和Rowe流动法则,推导出土体塑性阶段应力增量与应变增量间关系矩阵。在弹性阶段,假设土体应力-应变服从广义虎克定律,建立了基于旁压试验的土体弹塑性本构模型。编制了相应的计算程序,将文中模型计算结果与实际旁压试验曲线进行对比,初步验证了模型的正确性。将本构模型编译为ABAQUS自定义材料子程序UMAT,通过有限元对比分析,文中模型计算变形较弹性模型小,较摩尔-库仑模型大,与模型建立的假设一致。基于旁压试验的土体弹塑性本构模型参数少,且易于获取,便于在实际工程中应用。