Formation of Colloidal Silica and Alumina During Experimental Granodiorite Weathering

The role of aluminum and silica in the formation of colloids during granodiorite weathering was studied on the basis of long-term experiments in batch reactors. Rock samples were dissolved in un-buffered solutions of initial pH 3.2, 5.4, and 9.9 at ambient conditions for 500 days. During weathering, extremely high supersaturation with respect to various secondary solids was attained in the solutions. Consequently, new solids, part of which was conserved in solutions as colloids, condensed. The mean concentrations of colloidal Si reached values of 70, 50, and 48 mol 1^–1 in the alkaline, neutral, and acid solutions, respectively. The mean concentrations of colloidal Al, reached values of 34, 22, and 12 mol 1^–1 in the alkaline, neutral, and acid solutions, respectively. The concentration of colloids gradually decreased after 200-400 days of experiment. This phenomenon was interpreted as being due to the competition between homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. At the initial stages of the experiments, the colloidal species (predominantly colloidal Al) comprised a large proportion of the total amounts of aqueous species. Their share, however, decreased with time. The molar Al/Si-ratios of colloids were as high as 2–2.5 at the early stages of the experiment. After 250–300 days of experiments, on the other hand, these ratios decreased to values of about 0.5 in both the neutral and alkaline solutions and to a value of 0.15 in the acid solution. The evolution of colloids was consistent with the evolution of secondary solids in the sequence Al-hydroxides – clay minerals (illite, chlorite), in both the neutral and alkaline solutions. In acid solutions, the evolution of Al/Si-colloids was influenced by the presence of sulfate ion and Al-sulfate precipitation. Besides Al and Si, other elements, in particular Ca or Mg as a major component and Na, K, P, S, and Cl as minor components, readily participated in the formation of colloids.     

利用高铝粉煤灰制备氢氧化铝的实验

以无水碳酸钠为助剂,分解高铝粉煤灰中的莫来石和铝硅酸盐玻璃相。经中温烧结、酸浸使硅铝分离,调节pH值为5～6纯化含铝滤液,通入CO₂气体酸化等工序,可制备氢氧化铝粉体。采用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、化学分析方法对制品进行表征,结果表明：制备的氢氧化铝为球形颗粒,其粒径为200 nm左右,性能达到GB/T4294-1997的三级标准。实验所采用的工艺路线是高铝粉煤灰资源化高效利用的有效途径之一。     

三氯化铝浸取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水系沉积物中低含量的碳酸铁

传统的氯化铵浸取-重铬酸钾滴定法(邻二氮菲比色法)可有效分析试样中较高含量的碳酸铁(7.5%~80%),但试剂消耗量大、测定步骤冗长、分析误差相对较大,水系沉积物中碳酸铁含量较低,采用此方法分析时其他含铁矿物的干扰易引入测量误差。本研究采用三氯化铝水浴加热浸取,建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定水系沉积物中低含量碳酸铁(0.1%~6.0%)的分析方法。使用80 m L浓度为100g/L的三氯化铝溶液水浴加热60 min,可完全浸取试样中的碳酸铁;在标准曲线中加入与待测样品浓度相同的三氯化铝,有效地避免了浸取剂三氯化铝的基体干扰。碳酸铁的检出限为0.015μg/m L,精密度为2.3%~4.0%(n=12),加标回收率为95.0%~107.5%。沉积物中常见的含铁矿物(如赤铁矿和磁铁矿)对碳酸铁的测定干扰可忽略,磁黄铁矿的干扰可通过加入氯化汞消除。本法比传统化学分析方法的操作简便,准确度和精密度高,解决了其他含铁矿物的干扰问题。     

铝试剂分光光度法测定铝锭中微量三氧化二铝

用金属铝与液态溴发生反应生成的AlBr3溶于甲醇、而Al2O3在无水条件下不与液态溴发生反应的不同化学行为特性，实现了Al与Al2O3的分离，采用铝试剂光度法测定铝锭中的微量AAl2O3。结果表明，在pH4．4的NaAc—HCI缓冲溶液中，铝与铝试剂形成的配合物在530nm处有最大吸收。Al2O3含量在0～3．0mg／L遵循比尔定律。方法检出限为0．005mg／L。建立的方法用于实际铝锭样品中Al2O3的测定，精密度（RSD，n=5）为3．50％～14．3％，加标回收率为98．9％～99、7％。     

德尔菲法在全国铁铝资源潜力评价中的应用

探讨了德尔菲法2种赋值方法的优缺点,分析了德尔菲法的原理和流程。全国矿产资源潜力评价项目在已经完成铁铝两个矿种预测的基础上,以省(自治区和直辖市)为单位,组织专家运用德尔菲法对全国铁铝矿产的资源量进行了评估,这是德尔菲法第一次在全国范围内进行预测。本次德尔菲预测中给定3个累计概率值:90%、50%、10%,由专家来填写资源量,借助于矿产资源评价的相关软件,在对数据进行一系列检验、调整、再检验的过程后,对3个预测深度500m以浅、1000m以浅和2000m以浅(铝土矿不包含此深度)进行了资源量预测,各省区市预测结果经过汇总整理后,经专家研究论证,认为此次德尔菲法预测铁铝资源量合理有效,全国铁铝资源前景较为乐观。     

Comparison of methods for calculating annual solute exports from six forested appalachian watersheds

Six methods were compared for calculating annual stream exports of sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium and aluminum from six small Appalachian watersheds. Approximately 250–400 stream samples and concurrent stream flow measurements were collected during baseflows and storm flows for the 1989 water year at five Pennsylvania watersheds and during the 1989–1992 water years at a West Virginia watershed. Continuous stream flow records were also collected at each watershed. Solute exports were calculated from the complete data set using six different scenarios ranging from instantaneous monthly measurements of stream chemistry and stream flow, to intensive monitoring of storm flow events and multiple regression equations. The results for five of the methods were compared with the regression method because statistically significant models were developed and the regression equations allowed for prediction of solute concentrations during unsampled storm flows. Results indicated that continuous stream flow measurement was critical to producing exports within 10% of regression estimates. For solutes whose concentrations were not correlated strongly with stream flow, weekly grab samples combined with continuous records of stream flow were sufficient to produce export estimates within 10% of the regression method. For solutes whose concentrations were correlated strongly with stream flow, more intensive sampling during storm flows or the use of multiple regression equations were the most appropriate methods, especially for watersheds where stream flows changed most quickly. Concentration–stream flow relationships, stream hydrological response, available resources and required level of accuracy of chemical budgets should be considered when choosing a method for calculating solute exports. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铝管约束轻型防屈曲支撑的实验研究

针对传统的混凝土灌浆型和全钢型防屈曲支撑质量较大,无法适用于大跨空间结构等轻型建筑的问题,本文提出一种铝管约束轻型防屈曲支撑的设计方法。在核心钢管和约束管间设置不同宽度的间隙并对部分核心钢管进行开孔,通过拉压往复试验,研究了间隙和开孔对试件性能的影响,得到构件的相关恢复力特征,并分析了试件相关参数对耗能特性的影响。结果表明,本文设计的轻型防屈曲约束支撑,滞回曲线饱满,耗能效果良好;核心钢管宜开孔且支撑间隙应设置在1 mm左右,以减轻试件端部压力并简化施工工艺。     

南海中南部溶解态铝初探:促进甲藻生长?

2011年11月28日至2012年1月12日期间,通过对南海18°N至5°N海域25个站点78个溶解态铝样品的采集分析及所获得的浮游植物数据,首次研究报道了南海中南部海域溶解态铝的空间分布特征,探讨其与浮游植物群落结构之间的关系。结果表明,表层海水中溶解态铝平均含量138.3±39.1nmol·L-1,呈现陆架高、海盆和岛礁区低的水平分布特点;表层浮游植物共57属132种,分别属于硅藻门38属72种,甲藻门18属58种,蓝藻门1属2种,细胞总丰度在(0.75~21.09)×103cell·dm-3之间,表层溶解态铝的分布与甲藻总丰度(n=22,r=0.55,p0.01)具有显著的正相关性。就垂直分布而言,溶解态铝在0~100m水深内变化剧烈,在100~300m深度范围内,溶解态铝变化不明显,200m处稍有增加;溶解态铝的垂直分布与营养盐相关性不显著,与叶绿素a浓度(n=16,r=0.58,p0.05)、浮游植物总丰度(n=16,r=0.59,p0.05)和甲藻总丰度(n=15,r=0.69,p0.01)显著正相关,推测冬季溶解态铝对南海甲藻生长具有一定促进作用。     

The distribution of dissolved aluminum in the Yellow and East China Seas

Water samples containing dissolved aluminum were collected from the Yellow and East China Seas in October-November 2000. The average concentrations of dissolved AI in the Yellow Sea （YS） and East China Sea （ECS） were 0.042 and 0.056 μ molL^-1, respectively. The concentration of dissolved aluminum decreased gradually across the continental shelf. The lower concentrations appeared in the YS cold water center and in the bottom layer at the shelf edge of the ECS, where they were 0.016 and 0.011 μmolL^-1, respectively. The distribution of dissolved Al was controlled by physical mixing processes rather than biological uptake processes. The impact of different water masses along the PN transect was calculated based on the mass balance model. The results show that the impact of the Changjiang River was mainly concentrated on the coastal area and the top thermocline water on the ECS shelf, where the impact percentage decreased from 12.6% to 1.1% in the surface water, while the contribution of the Kuroshio water was dominant on the ECS shelf in this survey, increasing from 77.6% to 97,8% along the PN transect from the Changjiang River Estuary to the Ryukyu Islands. It is concluded that aluminum can serve as a proper tracer for studying the impact of Changjiang terrestrial matter on the ECS shelf water.     

柠檬酸—硝酸铝溶剂溶解磷灰石中全磷

试验了用柠檬酸＿Ａｌ（ＮＯ３）３溶液做溶剂分解磷灰石的预处理方法。结果表明,在微沸加热６ｍｉｎ条件下,质量浓度分别为３２ｇ／Ｌ和９０ｇ／Ｌ的柠檬酸＿Ａｌ（ＮＯ３）３混合溶剂可以有效地分解磷灰石,测定全磷的回收率＞９９％,与王水溶样结果相符,并用测定磷灰石标样中全磷进行验证,说明方法可靠。