Geomorphological evolution of the Tilcara alluvial fan (Jujuy Province, NW Argentina): Tectonic implications and palaeoenvironmental considerations

The development and evolution of the Tilcara alluvial fan, in the Quebrada de Humahuaca (Andean Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina), has been analysed by using geomorphological mapping techniques, sedimentological characterisation of the deposits and OSL chronological methods. It is a complex segmented alluvial fan made up of five evolutionary stages (units Qf1, Qf2, Qf3, Qf4 and Qf5) developed under arid climatic environments as well as compressive tectonic conditions. Segmentation processes, including aggradation/entrenchment cycles and changes in the location of the depositional lobe, are mainly controlled by climatic and/or tectonic changes as well as channel piracy processes in the drainage system. Alluvial fan deposits include debris flows, sheet flows and braided channel facies associated with high water discharge events in an arid environment. The best mean OSL age estimated for stage Qf2 is 84.5 ± 7 ka BP. In addition, a thrust fault affecting these deposits has been recognized and, as a consequence, the compressive tectonics must date from the Upper Pleistocene in this area of the Andean Eastern Cordillera.     

“天链一号01星”对三类卫星中继性能仿真分析

以三类卫星轨道为例,利用STK分析软件就“天链一号01星”对三类轨道卫星的中继能力进行仿真,其中仿真参数包括一天内可中继次数、最短中继时间、最长中继时间、平均中继时间和可中继时间百分比等关键指标。仿真结果表明：“天链一号01星”对400～800km轨道高度的低轨道卫星的中继时间百分比可达55％以上;对20000-24000km中轨道卫星的中继时间百分比可达90％以上;对倾斜地球同步轨道卫星的中继时间百分比可达100％。     

Evaluation of groundwater in a three-aquifer system in Ramtha area, Jordan: recharge mechanisms, hydraulic relationship and geochemical evolution

The groundwater wells in the Ramtha region of Jordan are tapping three aquifers: the upper, intermediate and deep aquifers. The upper aquifer groundwater is tritiated and its stable isotopic composition varies over a wide range. This signifies short residence times and local recharge from an elevation around 600 m above sea level. The groundwater of the upper aquifer has an elevated level of , which is attributed to anthropogenic sources. The intermediate and deep aquifers are untritiated and have long residence times. The stable isotope results signify a recharge elevation for the intermediate aquifer higher than that for the upper aquifer. Stable isotopes in groundwater from both aquifers clustered along the eastern meteoric water line and demonstrate association with the dominant climate of Jordan. The groundwater of the intermediate aquifer is classified as Ca²⁺- , which reflects circulation through a carbonate aquifer. There is evidence that leakage from the upper aquifer has influenced the isotopic and chemical makeup of the groundwater in an intermediate aquifer well. The groundwater of the deep aquifer has the highest temperature in the basin and its isotopic composition is much more depleted than both the upper and intermediate aquifers and plots on the global meteoric water line.

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Résumé  Les puits de la région de Ramtha en Jordanie captent trois aquifères : les aquifères supérieur, intermédiaire et profond. L’eau de l’aquifère supérieur est tritiée et sa composition en isotopes stables varie dans un large intervalle. Ceci signifie des temps de séjour courts et une recharge locale à une altitude d’environ 600 mètres au-dessus du niveau de la mer. L’eau de l’aquifère supérieur a une teneur en élevée, qui est attribuée à des origines anthropiques. Les aquifères intermédiaire et profond ne sont pas tritiés et ont des temps de séjour longs. Les valeurs des isotopes stables indiquent une altitude de recharge pour l’aquifère intermédiaire plus élevée que pour l’aquifère supérieur. Les isotopes stables de l’eau des deux aquifères groupés le long de la droite des eaux météoriques orientale démontrent une relation avec le climat prédominant en Jordanie. L’eau de l’aquifère intermédiaire est de type Ca²⁺-, ce qui traduit une circulation dans un aquifère carbonaté. Il est évident qu’un apport de l’aquifère supérieur a influencé la composition isotopique et chimique da l’eau d’un puits dans l’aquifère intermédiaire. L’eau de l’aquifère profond a la température la plus élevée dans le bassin et sa composition isotopique est bien plus déprimée que dans les deux aquifères supérieur et intermédiaire et se situe sur la droite globale de l’eau météorique.

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Resumen  Las perforaciones en la región de Ramtha de Jordania atraviesan tres acuíferos: los acuíferos superior, intermedio y profundo. El agua del acuífero superior contiene tritio y su composición isotópica varía en un rango amplio. Esto se interpreta como aguas de corto período de residencia recargadas localmente en una zona elevada a unos 600 m sobre el nivel del mar. El agua del acuífero superior posee elevadas concentraciones de , de origen antropogénico. Las aguas de los acuíferos intermedio y profundo no contienen tritio y su período de residencia es largo. Los resultados de las concentraciones de isótopos estables sugieren que la recarga del acuífero intermedio proviene de alturas mayores que las correspondientes al acuífero superior. Los datos de isótopos estables de ambos acuíferos se agrupan a lo largo de la Línea Meteórica Este, y demuestra su asociación con el clima predominante en Jordania. El agua subterránea del acuífero intermedio se clasifica como Ca²⁺-, lo que refleja su circulación a través de un acuífero carbonático. Hay evidencias que las filtraciones desde el acuífero superior han influenciado las características químicas e isotópicas del acuífero intermedio. Las aguas del acuífero profundo son las de mayor temperatura en la cuenca, su composición isotópica es más reducida que aquella de los acuíferos superior e intermedio, y su posición gráfica se aproxima a la Línea Meteórica Mundial.

     

Refinement of Phosphorus Determination in Quartz by LA‐ICP‐MS through Defining New Reference Material Values

The aim of this study was to improve the quality of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) determination of phosphorus in crystalline quartz. Over the last decade, the Geological Survey of Norway has routinely performed trace element determinations on quartz from both operating and potential quartz deposits by LA‐ICP‐MS. The determined phosphorus concentrations were, with but few exceptions, consistently within the range of 10 to 30 μg g^?1, results that seemed to be both too high and too consistent. The multi‐material calibration curve obtained from a suite of reference materials (NIST SRM 610, 612, 614, 1830, BAM No. 1 amorphous SiO₂ glass) did not define a precise regression line. Published phosphorus concentrations for the reference materials are poorly constrained and the observed dispersions along the multi‐material calibration curve suggest that some of the reference values may be inaccurate. Furthermore, the calibration curve did not pass through the origin of the [(cps ³¹P/cps ³⁰Si) · cone. Si] vs. P concentration diagram; thus, in addition to the uncertainties of the literature values of phosphorus, it is difficult to define the calibration curve. Three reference materials (NIST SRM 614, 1830, synthetic quartz KORTH) were sent for phosphorus accelerator implantation, providing an independent and accurate (± 3%) approach for determining phosphorus concentrations in crystalline quartz. The intrinsic phosphorus concentrations of the three implanted samples plus those for NIST SRM 610 and 612 were determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), yielding new phosphorus values for NIST SRM 610, 612, 614 and 1830. Using these new values resulted in a better defined LA‐ICP‐MS calibration curve. However, the source of the ICP‐MS related background could not be defined, such that it must still be empirically corrected for.     

Mercury,Trace Elements and Organic Constituents in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter,Shenandoah National Park,Virginia, USA: A Combined Approach to Sampling and Analysis

Compliance with U.S. air quality regulatory standards for atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is based on meeting average 24 hour (35 μ m^?3) and yearly (15 μg m^?3) mass‐per‐unit‐volume limits, regardless of PM_2.5 composition. Whereas this presents a workable regulatory framework, information on particle composition is needed to assess the fate and transport of PM_2.5 and determine potential environmental/human health impacts. To address these important non‐regulatory issues an integrated approach is generally used that includes (1) field sampling of atmospheric particulate matter on filter media, using a size‐limiting cyclone, or with no particle‐size limitation; and (2) chemical extraction of exposed filters and analysis of separate particulate‐bound fractions for total mercury, trace elements and organic constituents, utilising different USGS laboratories optimised for quantitative analysis of these substances. This combination of sampling and analysis allowed for a more detailed interpretation of PM_2.5 sources and potential effects, compared to measurements of PM_2.5 abundance alone. Results obtained using this combined approach are presented for a 2006 air sampling campaign in Shenandoah National Park (Virginia, USA) to assess sources of atmospheric contaminants and their potential impact on air quality in the Park. PM_2.5 was collected at two sampling sites (Big Meadows and Pinnacles) separated by 13.6 km. At both sites, element concentrations in PM₂₅ were low, consistent with remote or rural locations. However, element/Zr crustal abundance enrichment factors greater than 10, indicating anthropogenic input, were found for Hg, Se, S, Sb, Cd, Pb, Mo, Zn and Cu, listed in decreasing order of enrichment. Principal component analysis showed that four element associations accounted for 84% of the PM_2.5 trace element variation; these associations are interpreted to represent: (1) crustal sources (Al, REE); (2) coal combustion (Se, Sb), (3) metal production and/or mobile sources (Mo, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) and (4) a transient marine source (Sr, Mg). Concentrations of Hg in PM_2.5 at background levels in the single pg m^?3 were shown by collection and analysis of PM_2.5 on filters and by an automated speciation analyser set up at the Big Meadows air quality site. The speciation unit revealed periodic elevation of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) that co‐occurred with peaks in SO₂, indicating an anthropogenic source. GC/MS total ion current chromatograms for the two sites were quite similar indicating that organic signatures were regional in extent and/or that the same compounds were present locally at each site. Calculated carbon preference index values for n‐alkanes indicated that plant waxes rather than anthropogenic sources, were the dominant alkane source. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected, with a predominance of non‐alkylated, and higher molecular weight PAHs in this fraction, suggestive of a combustion source (fossil fuel or forest fires).     

Synchronous deposition of massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: New data from Las Herrerías and La Torerera ore-bodies

Two small to medium sized massive sulphide deposits, Las Herrerías and La Torerera, located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) are examined from a geological and palynostratigraphic perspective. The palynological assemblages are assignable to the Retispora lepidophyta–Verrucosisporites nitidus (LN) miospore Biozone (Latest Devonian: Latest Famennian/Strunian) of Western Europe. This age permits correlation with some of the main massive sulphide deposits dated so far in the region (viz., Tharsis, Aznalcóllar, Sotiel-Coronada or Neves-Corvo), and validates once again the hypothesis that a single mineralizing event was responsible for the genesis of most of the IPB’s massive sulphide deposits. The present study confirms that palynostratigraphy is an invaluable high-resolution biostratigraphic tool in the IPB, applicable to dating, correlation and ore-exploration.     

贵州省分月太阳辐射参数模型计算

利用贵州省2011—2015年10个太阳辐射站观测资料,采用最小二乘法分月拟合太阳辐射计算参数a、b,结合相应站点的地理信息(纬度和海拔高度),建立参数随地理位置变化的分月模型,进行1962—1990年威宁站独立样本检验,利用2001—2010年贵阳站数据与海拔分区法进行比较;结合1981—2010年85个常规气象站日照时数资料和相应站点的地理信息推算累年各月太阳总辐射量,并探讨其空间分布规律。结果表明:用分月参数模型计算贵州省太阳辐射误差更小、精度更高,提高了太阳辐射计算的准确率;贵州省气象台站年平均太阳总辐射在3415.76~4737.04 MJ·m~(-2)之间,西部和西南部多,北部少,其中年总辐射最大值出现在威宁,最低值出现在务川。     

动态窗口邻域统计的高差计算方法

针对高差对于地貌类型定义、不同地貌类型范围划定以及山地灾害危险性评价的重要意义,该文将坡脚的高程定义为基准高程,提出了动态窗口邻域统计的高差计算方法。计算每个栅格到坡脚的距离,作为该栅格的对应的窗口半径;利用邻域统计的方法,搜索该窗口范围内的最低高程值,即为坡脚的高程,作为该栅格高差计算的基准高程;最终通过高程值与基准高程相减运算,获取每个栅格点对应的高差。选取四川省都江堰市虹口地区为研究区,对比两种不同的高差计算方法。结果显示:在山脊和山肩部位,动态窗口计算的高差值大于静态窗口的高差值,而位于山脚动态窗口计算的高差值小于静态窗口计算的高差值;利用动态窗口获得的高差的精度明显高于静态窗口的计算结果,其平均偏差由75.53降低为13.24。     

The Preparation of Marine Geological Certified Reference Materials - Polymetallic Nodule GSPN-1 and Marine Sediment GSMS-1 from the Central Pacific Ocean*

This report describes the location, collection, preparation, homogeneity testing, analysis, data-processing and assignment of certified values of a polymetallic nodule (GSPN-1) and marine sediment (GSMS-1). Materials used in the preparation of these reference materials were collected in 1986 and 1987 from the central Pacific Ocean, by the Chinese Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources (MGMR). A total of fifty one recommended element concentrations and five proposed concentrations are reported for GSPN-1. For GSMS-1, a total of fifty recommended and seven proposed values are presented.     

高山地区年降水量随高程变化分析

云南省地形地貌复杂，海拔高差悬殊；气候类型多样，垂直变化突出；年降水量空间分布极不均匀。在分析年降水量主要影响因素的基础上，采用地形气候因子相关法，分8个区建立年降水量与海拔高程的关系，结果表明：各分区的年降水量随海拔高程的变化呈线型关系，且各区不同；高差悬殊的多雨区关系明显，且年降水量随海拔高程变化的梯度大；高差较小的坝区盆地，关系次之。利用各区年降水量与高程关系，推求无资料地区的年降水量，弥补了高山雨量站点的不足，绘制的云南省年降水量等值线图，较好的反映了云南年降水量的空间分布规律。