An Investigation of Digestion Methods for Trace Elements in Bauxite and Their Determination in Ten Bauxite Reference Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry

Trace elements from samples of bauxite deposits can provide useful information relevant to the exploration of the ore‐forming process. Sample digestion is a fundamental and critical stage in the process of geochemical analysis, which enables the acquisition of accurate trace element data by ICP‐MS. However, the conventional bomb digestion method with HF/HNO₃ results in a significant loss of rare earth elements (REEs) due to the formation of insoluble AlF₃ precipitates during the digestion of bauxite samples. In this study, the digestion capability of the following methods was investigated: (a) ‘Mg‐addition’ bomb digestion, (b) NH₄HF₂ open vessel digestion and (c) NH₄F open vessel digestion. ‘Mg‐addition’ bomb digestion can effectively suppress the formation of AlF₃ and simultaneously ensure the complete decomposition of resistant minerals in bauxite samples. The addition of MgO to the bauxite samples resulted in (Mg + Ca)/Al ratios ≥ 1. However, adding a large amount of MgO leads to significant blank contamination for some transition elements (V, Cr, Ni and Zn). The NH₄HF₂ or NH₄F open vessel digestion methods can also completely digest resistant minerals in bauxite samples in a short period of time (5 hr). Unlike conventional bomb digestion with HF/HNO₃, the white precipitates and the semi‐transparent gels present in the NH₄HF₂ and NH₄F digestion methods could be efficiently dissolved by evaporation with HClO₄. Based on these three optimised digestion methods, thirty‐seven trace elements including REEs in ten bauxite reference materials (RMs) were determined by ICP‐MS. The data obtained showed excellent inter‐method reproducibility (agreement within 5% for REEs). The relative standard deviation (% RSD) for most elements was < 6%. The concentrations of trace elements in the ten bauxite RMs showed agreement with the limited certified (Li, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Zr and Pb) and information values (Co, Ba, Ce and Hf) available. New trace element data for the ten RMs are provided, some of which for the first time.     

Production and Certification of Synthetic Selenium Isotopic Reference Materials

Due to intensive research into selenium isotopes in recent years, the increasing requirement for reliable and comparable measurement results has created a strong demand for selenium isotopic certified reference materials (iCRM) that were previously not available. To address this, eleven selenium iCRMs were developed, including ten synthetic iCRMs (GBW 04447–GBW 04456) and one natural iCRM (GBW 04457). The synthetic iCRMs were prepared with ⁷⁶Se, ⁷⁸Se, ⁸⁰Se and ⁸²Se solutions and a natural selenium solution; the natural iCRM was prepared with highly pure selenium material. The property values of isotope ratios in these iCRMs were certified by calibrated mass spectrometry with a collision cell multi‐collector ICP‐MS. The mass discrimination effect of the instrument was corrected with corresponding ⁷⁸Se/⁷⁶Se isotope mixtures and ⁸²Se/⁷⁶Se isotope mixtures, which were gravimetrically prepared with purified, isotopically enriched selenium materials. Homogeneity and stability tests were performed, and no significant influences were found. The uncertainty of the property values of the iCRMs was evaluated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) of ISO/BIPM and ISO Guide 35. The δ^82/76Se value of GBW 04457 relative to NIST SRM 3149 was also calculated. These iCRMs are intended for use in calibration of instruments and evaluation of methods for the determination of selenium isotope ratios.     

AS350B3型直升机在中高山航空物探测量中的优势

中高山地区作业的航空地球物理勘探飞行器需要有高原适航性。通过对比空中国王350ER在起降条件、最大升限、最大续航能力及高原机动能力等特点,提出了在中高山地区的低高度、大比例尺的航空地球物理勘探飞行器的选型原则及飞行方法。通过甘肃某测区的实际测量飞行验证了该原则和方法的可行性。分析结果显示,AS350B3型直升机在中高山地区作业时表现出的实际飞行性能满足在该类型区域低高度、大比例尺的航空地球物理勘探的要求。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡对比研究

基于冰川物质平衡和平衡线高度数据,对北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山的冰川物质平衡变化和平衡线高度空间分布特征进行了对比分析,得出以下结论：（1）阿尔卑斯山冰川年均负物质平衡值最大,为-907 mm;斯瓦尔巴为-431 mm;高亚洲最小,为-264 mm。（2）高亚洲和斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡年振幅较小,年际变化较小;阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡年振幅较大,年际变化较大。斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡趋向正平衡,阿尔卑斯山和高亚洲冰川物质平衡趋向负平衡。（3）斯瓦尔巴内陆的冰川平衡线高度高于沿海地区,高亚洲冰川平衡线高度呈纬向地带性、经向地带性和区域地带性的分布规律,阿尔卑斯山的冰川平衡线高度主要受冰川所处海拔的影响。     

高寒区抽水融冰渠道水温沿程衰减规律——以红山嘴水电站为例

抽水融冰技术是解决高寒区引水式电站冬季运行冰害问题的有效措施之一。为研究抽水融冰对电站引水渠道冬季引水的水温控制规律,以红山嘴水电站为例,基于RNG κ-ε模型数值模拟研究结果,从热流量比角度探讨了渠道水温沿程衰减规律,并采用2013年2月和2014年1月原型观测结果进行了验证。结果表明:渠道水温沿程衰减过程可分为骤降段、过渡段和缓降段3部分,各段范围受外界条件控制;衰减曲线呈幂函数分布,相关系数达到98%;对比气温对渠温沿程衰减的影响表明,随着大气温度的降低,渠道水温沿程衰减速度明显加快;-10 ℃为水温衰减过程变化转折点,当气温高于-10 ℃时,可以近似认为渠温衰减规律一致,渠温沿程变化主要受到热流量比值影响;低于-10 ℃时,气温对渠道水温沿程变化影响显著。     

投喂四种饵料对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)繁殖性能的影响

以双齿围沙蚕、泥鳅、黄鲫、福寿螺4种不同饵料强化培育胴长(6.50±0.20)cm的曼氏无针乌贼,用曼氏无针乌贼肝脏和卵巢的氨基酸与脂肪酸变化、亲体产卵量、卵径、卵子孵化率及其幼体成活率等指标来评价4种饵料对其繁殖性能的影响.结果表明,黄鲫组曼氏无针乌贼肝脏与卵巢中∑EAA、∑SEAA、∑EAA+SEAA、∑NEAA、∑AA含量在第一次卵巢成熟与第二次卵巢成熟时均显著高于其它投喂组(P＜0.05).黄鲫组乌贼肝脏DHA/EPA在第一次卵巢成熟时显著高于其它投喂组,在第二次卵巢成熟时DHA、DHA/EPA、∑n3PUFA、∑n6PUFA、∑n3/n6PUFA都显著高于其它投喂组(P＜0.05);该组乌贼第一次卵巢成熟卵巢DHA、∑n3PUFA、∑n6PUFA、∑n3/n6PUFA及在第二次卵巢成熟时卵巢DHA、DHA/EPA、∑n3PUFA、∑n3/n6PUFA均显著高于其它投喂组(P＜0.05),该组第二次卵巢成熟时∑n6PUFA百分含量与沙蚕组无显著差异(P＞0.05).产卵量多少顺序为黄鲫组＞沙蚕组＞泥鳅组＞福寿螺组(P＜0.05);孵化率高低顺序为黄鲫组＞福寿螺组＞泥鳅组＞沙蚕组(P＜0.05);所产卵子平均直径大小顺序为黄鲫组＞泥鳅组＞沙蚕组＞福寿螺组(P＜0.05);幼体成活率高低顺序为黄鲫组＞泥鳅组＞沙蚕组、福寿螺组(P＜0.05).各指标吻合程度高.     

Abundance,distribution, and feeding patterns of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Juan de Fuca Eddy

The Juan de Fuca Eddy is a seasonal, counter-clockwise gyre off the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca between Washington, USA and British Columbia, Canada that may provide favorable feeding habitat for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during their early marine existence. In late September 2002, physical and biological sampling was conducted along two transects of the eddy region. Surface rope trawling was conducted to capture juvenile salmon and other nekton, along with bongo and neuston net tows to examine potential mesozooplanktonic salmon prey. Presence of the Juan de Fuca Eddy was confirmed with vertical water profiles. In addition, nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations collected from 3-m depth were within the range observed in previous studies within the eddy region. In the mesozooplankton community, euphausiids, chaetognaths, and decapod megalopae were common. In the diet of juvenile coho salmon, euphausiids and decapod megalopae were dominant by percent number, and larval and juvenile fish were dominant by percent weight. Feeding intensity (percent body weight) based on stomach contents was variable, but not significantly different among stations. To compare the Juan de Fuca Eddy region with an upwelling area, we sampled along a transect off La Push (LP), Washington, USA which is south of the eddy. The eddy region was found to be less productive than the LP transect. Nutrients were lower, chlorophyll a concentrations were higher, and zooplankton abundance was generally higher along the LP transect than in the eddy region. In addition, more juvenile coho salmon were captured from the LP transect than the eddy region. Prey items in stomachs of salmon from the LP transect were heterogeneous compared to those from the eddy region. Feeding intensity along the LP transect was slightly lower and more variable than in the eddy region, and differences in feeding intensity among LP stations were significant. In addition, feeding intensities among stations nested within regions were significantly different.     

基于不同景观的LAI-ET时空协同效应研究——以蒙古高原和青藏高原为例（英文）

近几十年来,蒙古高原和青藏高原的增温速度高于全球变暖的平均水平,导致生态系统的结构和功能发生了显著变化。叶面积指数(LAI)和蒸散发(ET)在塑造陆地表面过程和气候方面发挥着重要作用。在文中,我们重点关注LAI和ET的时空变化及其相互关系。基于2000-2014年的MODIS产品,我们发现蒙古高原的LAI和ET之间存在普遍的正相关关系,而青藏高原则没有协同作用。总体而言,青藏高原LAI的显著增加(减少)区域占总面积的49.38%(50.62%),蒙古高原则为94.92%(5.09%);青藏高原ET增加区域面积占总面积的21.70%(124.10×10~3 km^2),蒙古高原为88.01%(341.60×10~3 km^2)。更重要的是,随着时间的推移,这种关系在整个空间中发生了很大的变化,并且在景观的某些部分发现了不匹配。需要通过观测和/或实验研究来探讨这些关系,包括植被特征及其干扰的影响。     

桂林市2005年6月连续性暴雨的季风扰动及动力条件分析

通过对2005年6月连续性暴雨过程发生前后的天气形势和物理量场进行分析,发现暴雨发生时,与500hPa螺旋度、涡度及850hPa水汽通量配置较好。暴雨前期低空急流加强,表现在暴雨发生前850hPa沿110°E有V分量的增长。另外,可通过对T 213物理量预报场的分析,判断未来暴雨发生的可能性。