Alkaline diagenesis and its influence on a reservoir in the Biyang depression

Alkaline diagnesis is a diagenetic process that a reservoir undergoes under an alkaline environment. Because of the influence of alkaline formation water, the most typical characteristics of diagnesis is that quartz is obviously dissolved, feldspar is massively enlarged, and less late carbonate cement is formed in the evolution of carbonate minerals. With the decrease of the alkalinity of the formation water in diagenesis, the quartz overgrowths become common. The change in the chemical characteristics of the formation water leads to a more complex distribution of reservoir porosity at different depths than that of the secondary porosity formed by classical acidic water. It also makes the B stage of early diagenesis the important development period of secondary porosity.     

Characteristics of Channeling Flow in Cultivated Horizon of Saline Rice Soil

1 Introduction The preferential flow tends to result in the loss of irriga- tion water and nutrients. The formation of the preferen- tial flow was caused by various factors, such as soil structure, tillage, worm cavity and root channeling rup- ture (Pot et al., 2005). Besides, frozen rupture can not be ignored in the northeastern China where the lowest tem- perature reaches -40℃ (Wang et al., 1993). There are several types of preferential flow, such as bypass flow, channeling flow and macro…     

俄罗斯远东地区碱性-超基性杂岩体成因与地幔之关系

本文以俄远东地区康捷尔型（钠质专属性特点）、依纳格林型（钾质专属性特点）同心环状碱性－超基性杂岩体为例，论述了该二种类型杂岩体的岩石学、岩石化学及地球化学、产出特征等。前者岩浆岩以 Na偏高为特征， K2O/Na2O=0.1～ 0.7(Na2O含量介于 1.7％～ 8.1％ )，并与金伯利岩、似金伯利岩密切共生，有时可能含有金刚石副矿物；后者类型岩浆岩以钾偏高为特征（ K2O／ Na2O=3.3～ 13.2） ,多产出于张性构造裂谷带或中生代地堑带，与之共生的有钾镁煌斑岩及类钾镁煌斑岩等。上述系列岩浆岩，在成因上与基性超基性岩石组合密切相关，并具有地幔生成特点。同时，不同类型岩浆岩的形成作用主要取决于构造背景之差异和地幔交代作用。     

Sediments,porewaters and diagenesis in an urban water body,Salford, UK: impacts of remediation

Contaminated sediments deposited within urban water bodies commonly exert a significant negative effect on overlying water quality. However, our understanding of the processes operating within such anthropogenic sediments is currently poor. This paper describes the nature of the sediment and early diagenetic reactions in a highly polluted major urban water body (the Salford Quays of the Manchester Ship Canal) that has undergone remediation focused on the water column. The style of sedimentation within Salford Quays has been significantly changed as a result of remediation of the water column. Pre‐remediation sediments are composed of a range of natural detrital grains, predominantly quartz and clay, and anthropogenic detrital material dominated by industrial furnace‐derived metal‐rich slag grains. Post‐remediation sediments are composed of predominantly autochthonous material, including siliceous algal remains and clays. At the top of the pre‐remediation sediments and immediately beneath the post‐remediation sediments is a layer significantly enriched in furnace‐derived slag grains, input into the basin as a result of site clearance prior to water‐column remediation. These grains contain a high level of metals, resulting in a significantly enhanced metal concentration in the sediments at this depth. Porewater analysis reveals the importance of both bacterial organic matter oxidation reactions and the dissolution of industrial grains upon the mobility of nutrient and chemical species within Salford Quays. Minor release of iron and manganese at shallow depths is likely to be taking place as a result of bacterial Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Petrographic analysis reveals that the abundant authigenic mineral within the sediment is manganese‐rich vivianite, and thus Fe(II) and Mn(II) released by bacterial reactions may be being taken up through the precipitation of this mineral. Significant porewater peaks in iron, manganese and silicon deeper in the sediment column are most probably the result of dissolution of furnace‐derived grains in the sediments. These species have subsequently diffused into porewater above and below the metal‐enriched layer. This study illustrates that the remediation of water quality in anthropogenic water bodies can significantly impact upon the physical and chemical nature of sedimentation. Additionally, it also highlights how diagenetic processes in sediments derived from anthropogenic grains can be markedly different from those in sediments derived from natural detrital material. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云龙湖沉积物碱性磷酸酶活力特征及其对氮、磷元素的作用

碱性磷酸酶能催化有机磷分解释放正磷酸盐,对湖泊治理研究具有生态学意义。以徐州市云龙湖为研究区,于2008年9月4日在云龙湖东、西两个区域共布设20个采样点,测定了沉积物的碱性磷酸酶活力,研究沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的分布及其活力与营养盐（总氮和总磷）的关系。结果表明,云龙湖东、西区沉积物的碱性磷酸酶活力的最大值都出现在沉积物表层（0～3cm层）,最小值都出现在底层（7～11cm层）;云龙湖东区上覆水中总氮和总磷含量高于西区;云龙湖东区沉积物中总磷和总氮含量的最大值都出现在底层,而西区则都出现在表层;东、西区沉积物中层（4～6cm层）的碱性磷酸酶活力都与其总磷含量显著正相关（东区：r=0＋776,n=10,P〈0．01;西区：r=0．642,n=10,P〈0．05）,研究区沉积物中层是碱性磷酸酶的活跃层;东区沉积物底层的碱性磷酸酶活力与其总氮含量显著正相关（r=0．838,n=10,P〈0．01）;东、西区沉积物表层的碱性磷酸酶活力与其总磷和总氮含量不相关。     

Millennial‐scale precipitation changes over Central Africa during the late Quaternary and Holocene: evidence in sediments from the Gulf of Guinea

We combine environmental magnetism, geochemical measurements and colour reflectance to study two late Quaternary sediment cores: GeoB 4905‐4 at 2° 30′ N off Cameroon and GeoB 4906‐3 at 0° 44′ N off Gabon. This area is suitable for investigating precipitation changes over Central and West Africa because of its potential to record input of aeolian and fluvial sediments. Three magnetozones representing low and high degree of alteration of the primary rock magnetic signals were identified. The magnetic signature is dominated by fine‐grained magnetite, while residual haematite prevails in the reduced intervals, showing increase in concentration and fine grain size at wet intervals. Our records also show millennial‐scale changes in climate during the last glacial and interglacial cycles. At the northern location, the past 5.5 ka are marked by high‐frequency oscillations of Ti and colour reflectance, which suggests aeolian input and hence aridity. The southern location remains under the influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and thus did not register aeolian signals. The millennial‐scale climatic signals indicate that drier and/or colder conditions persisted during the late Holocene and are synchronous with the 900 a climatic cycles observed in Northern Hemisphere ice core records. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

莺歌海盆地黏土矿物异常转化及其地质意义

莺歌海盆地因其异常高压和高温热流体强烈活动而孕育了多种特殊地质现象。应用分析化验资料与热力学计算相结合的方法,研究了莺歌海盆地黏土矿物转化的特征,分析了其成因。结果表明,莺歌海盆地发育三种黏土矿物转化类型:正常演化型、快速演化型和缓慢演化型。其中超压抑制黏土矿物转化,形成黏土矿物缓慢演化型;高温热流体活动促进黏土矿物转化,形成黏土矿物快速演化型。超压对黏土矿物转化的抑制作用延缓了H+、阳离子和层间水的排出,减弱了胶结作用和溶蚀作用,有利于在深部形成优质储层。热流体的活动加速了黏土矿物转化,增强了储层的胶结作用,不利于深部优质储层的发育。     

川西北下二叠统栖霞组有利成岩作用与孔隙演化

据宏观、微观及地球化学特征等综合分析,川西北下二叠统栖霞组储层段主要的建设性成岩作用有同生一准同生期溶解、埋藏期溶解、构造抬升期溶解、混合水白云石化、埋藏白云石化及重结晶作用.其中埋藏期溶蚀和埋藏白云石化作用对储集层的储集空间贡献最大,其产生的晶间孔、晶间溶孔、洞、缝是现今该层段主要的储集空间;其次是重结晶作用.重结晶作用对储集空间的直接贡献不大,但重结晶作用提高了岩石的有效孔隙度和渗透率从而为后期的溶蚀作用提供了条件:而同生期的溶解作用形成的孔隙由于后期的压实、胶结等作用破坏而几乎消失殆尽.     

云南个旧卡房中三叠世安尼期变火山岩相序恢复及成矿分析

中三叠世安尼期个旧组卡房段变火山岩恢复为一套碱性基性-超基性岩组合,火山岩-沉积岩岩相组合包括爆发相、喷溢相、火山沉积相、潮坪相、后期盆地流体叠加相、矽卡岩相.垂向相序表现为爆发相→喷溢相→火山沉积相→潮坪相,属于弧后裂谷盆地背景下形成的岩相组合与相序结构.在研究区卡房段可划分为3个期次,进而组成一个旋回,垂直相序特征表明火山活动的多期次性、火山活动由强到弱的变化规律.后期盆地流体叠加相、矽卡岩相作为主要含矿岩相,可以作为今后的找矿指标.     

基准面旋回对砂岩成岩作用的控制——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘汭水河延长组露头为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘汭水河露头剖面延长组长9-长7辫状河三角洲沉积为例,重点讨论三级层序界面上下的砂岩储层成岩特征.通过大量的铸体薄片鉴定,扫描电镜、X衍射等实验分析,发现汭水河延长组露头剖面层序界面对砂岩储层成岩具有控制作用,基准面下降半旋回内填隙物以浊沸石为主,基准面上升半旋回内以方沸石为主,孔隙主要为溶蚀填隙物形成的次生孔隙,界面之上面孔率好于界面之下的面孔率,有利于储层发育.