知识经济与农业科技革命的思考

知识的不断创新和投入是经济发展的动力 ,进行新的农业科技革命 ,用高新技术改造和装备农业 ,是实现农业现代化的必由之路。     

广西干旱喀斯特平原的干旱及其成因量化研究

作为广西的重要粮食基地的喀斯特平原区,是气候干旱和喀斯特干旱迭加的地区,干旱问题已成为该区经济发展的障碍。本文主要通过以往的研究资料的分析、计算,从造成干旱的气候、喀斯特地质背景及人类活动3个方面的主要因素,分析干旱形成原因和量化干旱程度。研究结果表明,气候因素是产生干旱的基本原因;可溶岩地质基础是干旱形成的重要原因; 人类不合理活动则加重了旱灾的程度。其干旱程度,在峰丛谷地农业区最为严重,峰林谷地农业区和峰林平原区中等,孤峰平原区最轻。      

临邑县新型城镇化建设探讨

临邑县在充分尊重农民意愿的基础上,规范有序地开展城乡建设用地增减挂钩试点,积极开展"两区同建",推动新型城镇化发展。通过建立部门协调推进工作机制、高起点科学编制规划、多方面做好宣传工作,促进了土地节约集约利用,推动了新型城镇化建设,促进了现代农业发展,有效推进了当地城乡一体化进程。     

Impacts of land-use changes on watershed discharge and water quality in a large intensive agricultural area in Thailand

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of land-use change on streamflow, sediment and water quality data along the Lower Yom River, Thailand, covering an intensively agricultural area of 14 613.6 km², and to assess the relative impact of point and non-point sources of pollution from multiple-land-use watersheds. Long-term calibration and validation of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was performed on data for 2000–2013. Land-use change led to a 13–49% increase in runoff in the basin and resulted in 37–427% increased sediment yield. The amount of NO₃-N load doubled in the upper and middle parts of the study area, while the increase in PO₄^3– ranged from 37 to 377%, reflecting the increase in agricultural lands and urban areas. It is concluded that the changed land use is closely associated with the quantity of runoff, sediment yield and the NO₃-N and PO₄^3– concentrations.     

风电机组对测震台站观测影响的实验研究

为了在测震台址勘选中对规避风电机组这类新生的常见干扰源有定量参考依据,以减少盲目性,提高台址勘选效率,在野外开展了定量实验,取得了实地测试数据,并初步探讨了风电机组干扰源的振动衰减关系。研究认为,对于风电机组这类干扰源,测震基岩固定台站Ⅰ级环境地噪声水平的建议规避距离为800 m。     

盐度对芦苇(Phragmites australis)表流湿地除氮效果的影响

利用芦苇湿地去除农业污水中的氮是博斯腾湖流域控制富营养化的重要手段.但是,污水中的盐分往往会抑制芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地的除氮效果.为了探索不同盐度对芦苇湿地脱氮效果的影响和机制,研究4个不同的盐度梯度(淡水、2‰、5‰和10‰)对芦苇表流湿地中氮去除的影响,测定不同盐度下湿地表层(0~10.0 cm)和下层土壤(10.0~20.0 cm)中硝化、反硝化作用强度的变化.结果表明,盐度上升显著降低了湿地氮的去除率,但是不同离子形态的氮变化趋势并不一致.5‰和10‰盐度下的芦苇湿地中总氮、铵态氮去除率分别下降了9.03%、31.80%和23.10%、39.20%,亚硝态氮累积率分别上升了190%、690%,而硝态氮并未发生明显变化.相对于参与反硝化作用的菌群,盐度对参与硝化作用菌群的抑制作用更强是产生此现象的主要原因.除此之外,盐度升高导致植物根系泌氧减少也是土壤中的硝化作用强度降低的重要原因之一.     

Evaluation of Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Structure from Motion photogrammetry techniques for quantifying soil surface roughness parameters over agricultural soils

The surface roughness of agricultural soils is mainly related to the type of tillage performed, typically consisting of oriented and random components. Traditionally, soil surface roughness (SSR) characterization has been difficult due to its high spatial variability and the sensitivity of roughness parameters to the characteristics of the instruments, including its measurement scale. Recent advances in surveying have greatly improved the spatial resolution, extent, and availability of surface elevation datasets. However, it is still unknown how new roughness measurements relates with the conventional roughness measurements such as 2D profiles acquired by laser profilometers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry techniques for quantifying SSR over different agricultural soils. With this aim, an experiment was carried out in three plots (5 × 5 m) representing different roughness conditions, where TLS and SfM photogrammetry measurements were co-registered with 2D profiles obtained using a laser profilometer. Differences between new and conventional roughness measurement techniques were evaluated visually and quantitatively using regression analysis and comparing the values of six different roughness parameters. TLS and SfM photogrammetry measurements were further compared by evaluating multi-directional roughness parameters and analyzing corresponding Digital Elevation Models. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of both TLS and SfM photogrammetry techniques to measure 3D SSR over agricultural soils. However, profiles obtained with both techniques (especially SfM photogrammetry) showed a loss of high-frequency elevation information that affected the values of some parameters (e.g. initial slope of the autocorrelation function, peak frequency and tortuosity). Nevertheless, both TLS and SfM photogrammetry provide a massive amount of 3D information that enables a detailed analysis of surface roughness, which is relevant for multiple applications, such as those focused in hydrological and soil erosion processes and microwave scattering. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东省中硬场地地面与基岩地震动峰值加速度对应关系研究

选用广东省980个满足中硬场地土条件的地震钻孔资料,对每一个工程场地合成9组相互独立的基岩加速度输入时程,进行土层地震反应分析,对各个工程场地地面与基岩地震动峰值加速度的对应关系进行研究,结果表明Ⅵ度区的工程场地地面与基岩地震动峰值加速度的比值为1.376,VII度区为1.368,VIII度区为1.341,平均均方根误差为0.067。     

灌溉农区农业旱灾系统脆弱性诊断与评估——以暖温带半湿润地区河北邢台县为例

农业旱灾脆弱性的存在是干旱成灾的主要原因。文章明晰了农业旱灾脆弱性的概念和表现形式,分析了导致和影响农业旱灾系统脆弱性的主要因素,提出了脆弱性诊断思路,建立了以生产过程和生活过程为基础的旱灾脆弱性评估指标体系与模型,并以河北省邢台县为例进行了评估。研究表明。降水波动是干旱致灾的自然压力;而人口食物需求导致的土地利用强度过高,农业需水总量持续严重超过水资源承载力是干旱致灾的根源,人均耕地资源限制、收入水平低和应对能力差强化了旱灾脆弱性,加剧了旱灾风险。     

洛阳栾川重渡沟风景区发展现状及对策分析

2005年,被大家称为高含金量的中央1号文件的出台对农民的增收问题给以了极大的关注。在这样的背景下,顺应市场的需求,近些年来在广大农村所兴起的一种新型的旅游模式——农业旅游则为有效解决农民增收、促进农村地区的发展提供了一种有益的尝试,并且成为解决“三农”问题的又一新的亮点。文章对洛阳市栾川县重渡沟风景区农业旅游发展的现状进行了实证分析,指出了旅游产品开发不够、客源市场、协调发展、政策配套、竞争等存在问题,并提出了相应的解决对策。