Characteristics of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 Earthquake Sequence and Discussion on Relevant Problems

The aftershock activity of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake Sequence shows an obvious segmented feature. Most of the large aftershocks were distributed in the north and south parts of the aftershock zone. Thrusting was dominant with a small amount of strike-slip component in the south part. The aftershock activity decayed gradually, presenting the sequence features of a mainshock-aftershock pattern. The north part was the ending area of the maiushock fracture where strike-slipping was dominant, showing an obvious swarm feature. Therefore it became the major area for large aftershocks. The modulation of the earth tide on aftershock activity is remarkable; most large aftershocks occur during the period of flood and neap tide. The time period around 16:00 was the dominant occurring time for large aftershocks. The p-value, a parameter of modified Omori formula, increases gradually with time, and reaches about 1 at the end. Based on previous study, the sequence patterns, magnitude of maximum aftershock, as well as the duration of aftershock activity has been discussed. The primary results also show that the magnitude difference between the maiushockand the maximum aftershock is proportional to the rupture size of the maiushock for huge earthquakes of about Ms8.0. This means that when the magnitudes of the earthquakes are nearly the same, large rupture size corresponds to sufficient energy release.     

云南宁洱M_S 6.4地震震后电磁效应

2007年6月3日宁洱县境内发生6.4级地震,在地震区跨越宁洱东支断裂进行了为期14d的余震序列宽频带电磁异常连续观测。在固定台站的电场和磁场时间序列记录中,观测到多次余震事件的电磁同震现象。取每2h观测资料进行了加窗傅氏变换,得到不同频率的功率谱随时间的变化曲线。结果表明,MS3.0以上的余震发生前后,电磁场各分量频率谱峰值出现了显著的变化,地震后的峰值波动也许与时间域的同震效应相对应,而地震前发生的峰值跳跃有可能为电磁前兆现象。此外,本文对同震电磁信号产生机理进行了讨论,推测这种现象可能与地震发电机机制有关     

基于活动地块边界带的汶川强余震迁移分析

对汶川地震序列分析,发现该序列中ML≥5．0级的强余震活动空间上存在明显空段,强余震围绕该空段有反复迁移发生特征。基于上述现象,作者从地震地质和经纬方向余震迁移的角度上做了一些研究,较为定量地为震区预测发震地点提供了简单依据。     

汶川MS8.0级地震发生背景与过程的研究

本文首先阐明汶川M_S8.0级地震发生在由区域布格重力异常和地震震中分布所确定的武都—松潘—茂汶—汶川—泸定地震带上.汶川地震所在地段是地震前兆和中小地震（M≤7.0）的空白区,震前出现明显的孕震空区,M_S8.0级地震发生在空区周围区域中小地震活动峰值之后的减少段里.地震的破裂超出孕震空区范围,空区内、外余震活动呈现出不同的衰减特征,依此将余震活动分为WS和NE两个区段.地震破裂过程、4级以上余震矩张量及震区应力场反演和余震应力降的测定结果表明,两个区域的位错、余震机制解和应力降及最大主应力的方〖JP2〗向等明显有别.根据这些特征和地震应力触发的研究,推测NE段地震的发生可能是〖JP〗由WS段主破裂的发生所触发.     

Quantification of seismic potential failure modes in concrete dams

A comprehensive framework for potential failure modes (PFM) identification and quantification of concrete dams subjected to seismic excitation is presented. A quantifiable indicator of PFM is presented in the context of both linear and nonlinear analyses. As an illustrative example, a thin arch dam subjected to a set of ground motions at different seismic intensity levels is investigated and corresponding PFM quantified. An outcome of this analysis is the probabilistic‐based correlation between linear and nonlinear analyses and identification of the optimal intensity measure parameter. This study, is an adaptation and extension of well‐accepted procedures defined by the performance‐based earthquake engineering paradigm in buildings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancing resilience of highway bridges through seismic retrofit

The present study evaluates seismic resilience of highway bridges that are important components of highway transportation systems. To mitigate losses incurred from bridge damage during seismic events, bridge retrofit strategies are selected such that the retrofit not only enhances bridge seismic performance but also improves resilience of the system consisting of these bridges. To obtain results specific to a bridge, a reinforced concrete bridge in the Los Angeles region is analyzed. This bridge was severely damaged during the Northridge earthquake because of shear failure of one bridge pier. Seismic vulnerability model of the bridge is developed through finite element analysis under a suite of time histories that represent regional seismic hazard. Obtained bridge vulnerability model is combined with appropriate loss and recovery models to calculate seismic resilience of the bridge. Impact of retrofit on seismic resilience is observed by applying suitable retrofit strategy to the bridge assuming its undamaged condition prior to the Northridge event. Difference in resilience observed before and after bridge retrofit signified the effectiveness of seismic retrofit. The applied retrofit technique is also found to be cost‐effective through a cost‐benefit analysis. First order second moment reliability analysis is performed, and a tornado diagram is developed to identify major uncertain input parameters to which seismic resilience is most sensitive. Statistical analysis of resilience obtained through random sampling of major uncertain input parameters revealed that the uncertain nature of seismic resilience can be characterized with a normal distribution, the standard deviation of which represents the uncertainty in seismic resilience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic assessment of damaged piloti‐type RC building subjected to successive earthquakes

Building structures damaged by a seismic event may be exposed to the risk of aftershocks or another event within a certain period. In this paper, the seismic assessment of damaged piloti‐type RC buildings was carried out to evaluate probabilistic retrofitting effects under successive earthquakes. First, a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of retrofitting was proposed, and then the proposed methodology was demonstrated with a structure retrofitted with buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs). For consideration of realistic successive earthquakes, past records measured at the same station were combined. Within the framework, a series of nonlinear time history analyses were performed for an as‐is model subjected to single earthquake, a damaged model subjected to successive earthquakes, and a damaged model retrofitted with BRBs subjected to successive earthquakes. In addition, fragility analysis was systematically applied in the framework for evaluation of effectiveness of the retrofitting strategy. The proposed framework was capable of quantifying the influence of successive earthquakes and evaluating the effectiveness of BRB retrofitting by considering the severity of the first earthquake damage and the hysteresis behavior of the retrofit element. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震序列特征及早期趋势判断

介绍了2014年2月12日新疆于田MS7.3地震的基本参数、发震构造和地震序列特征,并与2008年于田MS7.3地震序列特征进行对比分析.结果显示,2014年于田MS7.3地震有MS5.4直接前震,序列强余震频次低、余震衰减较快,目前最大余震震级为MS5.7;通过分析历史地震序列类型、计算于田单台序列的h值、6值、主震释放的能量与序列能量的比值等参数,初步判断于田MS7.3地震序列为“前震—主震—余震型”.     

中国地质环境脆弱性评价

中国地质环境具有先天脆弱性,空间分布存在巨大差异,对于区域生产力布局、工程建设、国土空间开发等社会经济诸多方面具有很大的影响。本研究基于ArcGIS平台,采用层次分析法构建包含地质构造、地表形态、组成物质三大类9个一级指标的地质环境脆弱性评价指标体系;将地壳稳定性、断裂带分布、海拔高度等9个脆弱性指标图层进行线性变换归一化处理,得到各指标标准值图层;运用因子相关分析法,分析9个脆弱性指标间相关性;应用主成分分析法,将相关性显著重复的要素删去,重新组合成一组新的互相无关的综合脆弱性要素;以主成分要素对应的方差贡献率作为权重,应用综合指数模型,完成地质环境脆弱性综合评价;在区位理论及空间统计的支持下进行进行分区,将全国划分为微度、轻微度、轻度、中度、重度和极度等6类脆弱区;综合分析中国地质环境脆弱性分布的空间特征及区域差异。研究结果表明,总体脆弱是中国地质环境的突出特征,中度至极度脆弱区面积约占中国全国土地面积的1/3,这是中国国土空间开发所面临的自然基础条件;中国区域地质环境脆弱程度呈现西北高东南低、西南高东北低且镶嵌式分布的总体空间格局,大致以贺兰山-六盘山-邛崃山-乌蒙山一线为界,此线以西地区地质环境脆弱程度高,此线以东地区地质环境脆弱程度低。