川滇地区强余震的震级分布和距离分布特征

研究了川滇地区1966年以来12次主震震级MSge;6.5的地震序列中,主震与强余震（本文定义为所有MSge;5的余震）震级差分布特征和强余震与主震距离的分布特征. 结果表明,强余震与主震震级差服从截断的指数分布,据此推导出了强余震与主震震级差的概率密度函数; 强余震距离分布的优势范围是距主震10——39 km,且强余震与主震震中的距离服从正态分布.      

两次强震峰值速度比及其余震分布特征

基于甘肃地震台网和青海地震台网对岷县-漳县MS6.6地震和门源MS6.4地震的波形记录,采用FFT方法分别计算这两次地震三分向的峰值速度,讨论分量之间峰值速度比的分布特征,进而研究其震源性质。结果表明,岷县-漳县地震具有逆冲兼左旋位错性质,南北向能量明显大于东西向;门源地震以逆冲为主,略具左旋走滑特征,两个水平分量的能量相当。结合这两次地震的余震序列分布特征及其他学者的研究结果推测,岷县-漳县地震的发震断层应该是位于临潭-宕昌断裂西北侧且与其平行的一条次级断裂;门源地震的发震断层应该是冷龙岭断裂西北侧的次级断裂,但受到冷龙岭断裂活动控制。     

山东省乳山地区余震分布与速度结构研究

利用山东乳山流动观测台网资料,采用双差精定位方法重新确定2014-05以来山东乳山M3.2地震余震序列的分布;在此基础上,利用双差层析成像方法反演该地区的三维速度结构模型。结果显示,乳山地区的余震序列整体呈现出圆形聚集特征,优势分布主要集中在3~8 km深度,乳山震群集中区的余震活动主要发生在破裂集中的区域,在5 km深度最为集中,说明乳山震群主要发生的区域为上地壳;研究区不同深度的P波速度变化明显。由于离已知的主断层有一定的距离,因此可以判断余震分布集中区可能是乳山断裂的分支或者是一条新的隐伏断裂。     

Post‐earthquake functionality of highway overpass bridges

Bridges are crucial to the transportation network in a region struck by an earthquake. Collapse of a bridge determines if a road is passable. Ability of a bridge to carry traffic load after an earthquake determines the weight and speed of vehicles that can cross it. Extent of system and component structural damage in bridges determines the cost and time required for repair. Today, post‐earthquake bridge evaluation is qualitative rather than quantitative. The research presented in this paper aims to provide a quantitative engineering basis for quick and reliable evaluation of the ability of a typical highway overpass bridge to function after an earthquake. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center's probabilistic performance‐based evaluation approach provides the framework for post‐earthquake bridge evaluation. An analytical study was performed that linked engineering demand parameters to earthquake intensity measures. The PEER structural performance database and reliability analysis tools were then used to link demand parameters to damage measures. Finally, decision variables were developed to describe three limit states, repair cost, traffic function, and collapse, in terms of induced damage. This paper presents the analytical models used to evaluate post‐earthquake bridge function, decision variables and their correlation to the considered limit states, and fragility curves that represent the probability of exceeding a bridge function limit state given an earthquake intensity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2011年云南盈江Ms5.8地震及其余震序列重定位

使用川滇地区三维走时表和三维速度模型,利用单纯形法对2011年3月10日云南盈江Ms5.8地震进行了重新定位.震中位置为97.901°E,24.677°N;震源深度13.1 km.使用双差定位方法对其余震序列进行了重定位.余震呈现明显的时空分布特征:余震主要分布在大盈江断裂的两侧及中段和北东段的转折处,余震带长度约12...     

Seismic vulnerability assessment to slight damage based on experimental modal parameters

The aim of this paper is to adjust behaviour models for each class of structure for vulnerability assessment by using ambient vibration. A simple model based on frequencies, mode shapes and damping, taken from ambient vibrations, allows computation of the response of the structures and comparison of inter‐storey drifts with the limits found in the literature for the slight damage grade, considered here as the limit of elastic behaviour. Two complete methodologies for building fragility curves are proposed: (1) using a multi‐degree of freedom system including higher modes and full seismic ground‐motion and (2) using a single‐degree of freedom model considering the fundamental mode f₀ of the structure and ground‐motion displacement response spectra S_D(f₀). These two methods were applied to the city of Grenoble, where 60 buildings were studied. Fragility curves for slight damage were derived for the various masonry and reinforced concrete classes of buildings. A site‐specific earthquake scenario, taking into account local site conditions, was considered, corresponding to an M_L = 5.5 earthquake at a distance of 15 km. The results show the benefits of using experimental models to reduce variability of the slight damage fragility curve. Moreover, by introducing the experimental modal model of the buildings, it is possible to improve seismic risk assessment at an overall scale (the city) or a local scale (the building) for the first damage grade (slight damage). This level of damage, of great interest for moderate seismic‐prone regions, may contribute to the seismic loss assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mainshock-consistent ground motion record selection for aftershock sequences

In recent years, the additional risk posed to the built environment due to aftershock sequences and triggered events has been brought to attention, and several efforts have been directed towards developing fragility functions for structures in damaged conditions. Despite this rise of interest, a rather fundamental component for such tasks, namely that of aftershock ground motion record selection, has remained under-scrutinized. Herein, we propose a pragmatic procedure that can be applied for the selection of mainshock-aftershock ground motion pairs using consistent causal parameters and accounting for the correlation between their spectral accelerations. In addition, a structural analysis strategy that can be employed for the analytical derivation of damage-dependent fragility functions is outlined and presented through a case study. A more conventional back-to-back IDA analysis is also carried out in order to compare the derived damage-dependent fragility functions with the ones obtained with the proposed procedure. The results indicate that record selection remains a crucial factor even when assessing the structural vulnerability of damaged buildings, and should thus be treated cautiously.     

“等待时间”强余震预测方法的改进与应用——以尼泊尔地震为例

在对"等待时间法"进行残差结构分析的基础上提出基于加权最小二乘拟合的模型改进方法,并将其应用于尼泊尔地震的强余震预测。结果表明,由模型误差转换至时间误差具有ln10·Δt倍的缩放效果,选择主震后3d内的余震样本进行强余震预测结果较为可信。实际震例表明,加权最小二乘模型可以有效降低模型预测误差,缩小预测值置信区间,从而提高预测的实用性。