Inelastic spectra to predict period elongation of structures under earthquake loading

Period lengthening, exhibited by structures when subjected to strong ground motions, constitutes an implicit proxy of structural inelasticity and associated damage. However, the reliable prediction of the inelastic period is tedious and a multi‐parametric task, which is related to both epistemic and aleatory uncertainty. Along these lines, the objective of this paper is to investigate and quantify the elongated fundamental period of reinforced concrete structures using inelastic response spectra defined on the basis of the period shift ratio (T_in/T_el). Nonlinear oscillators of varying yield strength (expressed by the force reduction factor, R_y), post‐yield stiffness (a_y) and hysteretic laws are examined for a large number of strong motions. Constant‐strength, inelastic spectra in terms of T_in/T_el are calculated to assess the extent of period elongation for various levels of structural inelasticity. Moreover, the influence that structural characteristics (R_y, a_y and degrading level) and strong‐motion parameters (epicentral distance, frequency content and duration) exert on period lengthening are studied. Determined by regression analyses of the data obtained, simplified equations are proposed for period lengthening as a function of R_y and T_el. These equations may be used in the framework of the earthquake record selection and scaling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西北地区30地级市城市区位分析

以西北地区30地级市为研究对象,通过时间距离计算,运用区位偏远度衡量地理区位;采用经济联系强度模型分析其经济区位条件;基于改进的区位优势潜力模型对各市综合区位予以定量化测度。结果表明:(1)对于最邻近省会城市,30地市偏远度都<1,均处于不偏远区位;对北京而言,偏远程度介于0.263~2.446之间,其中12地市处于偏远区域;综合偏远度表明,处于偏远(δ>1)、不偏远(0.5δ≤1)、很不偏远(0<δ≤0.5)区位的城市比重分别为13.33%、53.33%、33.33%。(2)经济联系量表现出如下特点:30地市内部联系远远高于与北京的联系,其联系总量所占比重为99.47%和0.53%;除青海省,其他4省内部联系程度强于外部;以省为单位,经济总量大体沿着自东向西的方向递减。(3)陕西省经济区位明显表现出以西安、咸阳为中心的环形圈层结构,自内而外经济联系强度渐弱。(4)综合地理偏远度、经济区位和综合区位,30地市可大致分为"双优型"、"(偏)地理区位滞后型"、"(偏)经济区位滞后型"和"双滞后型" 4种类型。     

中美巴印过去300年耕地时空变化的比较研究

本文利用长时间序列数据,对中、美、巴、印四国过去300 年耕地时空变化特征及驱动因素进行了比较分析。结果表明:①四国耕地总量在过去300 年均呈持续增长态势。中国和印度土地垦殖历史悠久,其中,中国在1700-1980s 耕地面积增加了68.21×10⁴ km²,印度在1700-2000 年增加了131.28×10⁴ km²,为中国的1.92 倍;美国和巴西虽然农业起步较晚,但发展迅猛,其中,美国在1700-1950 年的250 年间耕地面积增长了190.87×10⁴ km²,分别是中国、印度增量的2.80 倍和1.46 倍;巴西在1700-2000 年增加了64.57×10⁴ km²,其中近百年的增量为62.82×10⁴ km²,超过了同期其他三国的增加量。②从空间格局变化特征看,近300 年来,中国和印度均是在已有耕地分布格局的基础上向高原及山地丘陵地区扩展;而美国在“西进运动”的影响下,耕地大规模向中西部拓殖;巴西随着向北西部开发的推进,北部、西部地区的耕地急剧增加。③过去300 年推动四国土地垦殖发展最直接的驱动因素是国家政策,但就根本驱动因素而言,中国和印度是人口,而美国和巴西则是国家财政;在农技发展取向方面,中国和印度选择了精耕细作以提高土地生产率;而美国和巴西则选择了机械化以提高劳动生产率。     

北京地区地应力测量与主要断裂稳定性分析

2008年汶川地震后,为查明北京地区现今地应力状态、评价断裂稳定性,相继在北京地区开展了5个深孔（600~1000 m）的水压致裂法地应力测量,并在适宜深度安装了地应力相对变化监测探头,建立了地应力变化监测台站.本文首先利用实测地应力数据分析了北京地区地壳浅表层应力状态,结果表明：（1）北京地区千米深度内,最大、最小水平主应力随深度增加梯度系数分别为0.0328和0.0221,侧压系数K_av和K_Hv值,最大、最小水平主应力之比K_Hh值与国内外已有认识基本一致,而水平向剪应力相对强度参数μ_m值较低;（2）北京地区最大水平主应力优势方向为近EW向,与华北地区构造应力场方向基本一致,同时受区内断裂活动等影响,存在与区域主应力方向偏差的局部应力场;（3）实测数据揭示的应力结构显示,北京地区地壳浅表层最大主应力（σ₁）总体为最大水平主应力（σ_H）,受区域构造演化以及测点附近断裂的影响,中间主应力（σ₂）与最小主应力（σ₃）所对应的实测地应力存在变化,但总体来讲,实测地应力数据揭示的应力结构与北京地区主要断裂性质基本相吻合.其次,基于实测应力数据,采用库仑摩擦滑动准则,结合拜尔定律,并取摩擦系数为0.2~1.0,初步评价了北京地区主要断裂稳定性,结果显示：（1）在摩擦系数取0.6~1.0条件下,北京地区现今应力状态尚未达到导致断裂失稳滑动水平,断裂不会出现失稳滑动现象;（2）摩擦系数弱化到0.4时,西峰寺钻孔应力状态满足断裂失稳滑动条件,揭示出八宝山断裂存在失稳滑动可能性,而夏垫-马坊断裂和黄庄-高丽营断裂附近测点应力状态将趋近满足断裂失稳滑动条件,表明这两条断裂有趋向失稳滑动可能性;（3）只有当摩擦系数弱化到0.2时,北京地区主要断裂才可能在现今应力状态出现断裂失稳滑动.本文的认识对北京地区乃至华北地区构造应力场、地震地质研究有重要参考意义.     

Force–displacement mixed control for collapse tests of multistory buildings using quasi‐static loading systems

In quasi‐static tests for structures with multi‐DOF, the forces exerted to the structures commonly follow a prescribed force profile, for example, triangular pattern and/or uniform pattern. Therefore, force control is the natural choice. However, force control is no longer applicable when the specimens sustain significant stiffness and strength degradation, particularly in collapse tests. To solve this problem, a force–displacement mixed control algorithm is proposed, which is able to achieve stable control in quasi‐static tests following prescribed force profiles. On the basis of the FlexTest IIm platform of the MTS Systems Corporation (14000 Technology Dr, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 United States), a test program named Tsinghua University mixed control test program, which uses a mixed control algorithm, was developed. The algorithm was initially applied to an elastic test of a cantilever column to verify its accuracy and stability and then to a collapse test of a multistory RC frame to investigate its effectiveness. In the collapse test, the effects of major control parameters, that is, the number of iterative rounds and the loading time of each round on the control accuracy, were also studied. The test results show that the test program applying the mixed control algorithm can achieve stable control of the collapse tests maintaining the expected force profile. Increasing the number of iterative rounds and the loading time of each round can improve the control accuracy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic behavior and strength capacity of steel tube‐reinforced concrete composite columns

The steel tube‐reinforced concrete (ST‐RC) composite column is a novel type of composite column, which consists of a steel tube embedded in RC. In this paper, the seismic behavior of ST‐RC columns is examined through a series of experiments in which 10 one‐third scale column specimens were subjected to axial forces and lateral cyclic loading. The test variables include the axial force ratio applied to the columns and the amount of transverse reinforcement. All specimens failed in a flexural mode, showing stable hysteresis loops. Thanks to the steel tube and the high‐strength concrete it is filled with, the ST‐RC column specimens had approximately 30% lower axial force ratios and 22% higher maximum bending moments relative to the comparable RC columns when subjected to identical axial compressive loads. The amount of transverse reinforcement made only a small difference to the lateral load‐carrying capacity but significantly affected the deformation and energy dissipation capacity of the ST‐RC columns. The specimens that satisfied the requirements for transverse reinforcement adopted for medium ductile RC columns as specified by the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011‐2010) and EuroCode 8 achieved an ultimate drift ratio of around 0.03 and a displacement ductility ratio of approximately 5. The design formulas used to evaluate the strength capacity of the ST‐RC columns were developed on the basis of the superposition method. The predictions from the formulas showed good agreement with the test results, with errors no greater than 10%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

月球引潮力振动与大气潮汐的周期变化

在天气学中,当复杂而开放的气候系统处于远离平衡的临界状态时,任何微小的外力扰动都有可能带来一场雪崩式的"蝴蝶效应";而天气系统的演变尽管错综复杂,其实质却主要是冷暖气团的强弱与进退,再就是月球引潮力的周期变化还能引发周期大气潮。据此推想,在月球的周期运行过程中,是交点月南、升、北、降水平引力拐点所产生的引潮力振动(方向、大小的改变),通过大气内部的动力过程,对不稳定气团可产生激发作用,从而引导冷暖空气南北进退和天气系统演变,便出现了周期大气潮和转折天气周循环。     

新疆且末绿洲土地利用变化机制与驱动力分析

土地利用与覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重要组成部分,干旱区土地利用与覆盖变化的机制与驱动力又是干旱地区相关问题研究的核心。新疆且末绿洲特殊的MODS背景,制约着LUCC的一系列过程及其规律。LUCC是各种自然、社会、政治、经济和文化因素相互作用的结果。驱动力类型与特征受绿洲时空特征的制约而表现出不同的特征。在区域尺度上,且末绿洲LUCC的自然驱动力,包括了相关区域地壳运动、冰川变化、风沙活动等自然作用过程,热量、降水、温度变化等的气候过程以及地表径流、冰川进退等引起的水文过程的作用。在特定生产力发展水平下,人类的社会经济活动直接影响了LUCC的演变过程及演变趋势。     

旅游发展引导下乡村城市化的驱动力——以云台山景区内乡村为例

除了工业发展的动力之外,旅游作为一种市场动力,已被证明可以有效引导乡村城市化的实现。因此,在旅游发展的引导下,乡村城市化背后的驱动力以及各动力主体之间的作用关系亟待新的探索和突破。文章引入“国家―市场―社会”作为分析城市化驱动力的三元框架,以云台山景区内的乡村为例,通过观察、访谈等定性研究方法,认为在旅游发展所引导乡村城市化的背后,国家、市场、社会这三元动力在动力主体、作用发挥、角色扮演上和原本框架中各个动力的所指相比都已经发生了转变,主要体现在市场动力从市场供给一方转变为市场需求一方,社会动力从村民组织转变为村民个体。通过案例的实证分析,总结出了地方政府、需求市场、村民个体作为旅游发展引导下乡村城市化的三元驱动力,“地方政府―需求市场―村民个体”的分析框架也是对“国家―市场―社会”分析框架针对具体研究问题的有效修正和补充。     

On the stress-force-fabric equation in triaxial compressions: Some insights into the triaxial strength

The strength of granular materials during triaxial compression is investigated via a grain scale analysis in this paper. A 3D Discrete Element Method (DEM) program provides the triaxial strength data and helps to validate the micromechanical analysis. Some standard methods in statistics are employed first to quantitatively examine the assumptions made when deriving the stress-force-fabric (SFF) equation. After careful validation, a more concise format for the SFF equation is proposed for triaxial compressions. With this SFF equation, the strength is found to be jointly contributed by the magnitudes of the contact force anisotropy and fabric anisotropy. The influence of the initial void ratio, confining pressure and loading direction on the development of contact force anisotropy and fabric anisotropy is examined and presented. With similar techniques, the “force” term in the SFF equation is further decoupled, and an equation is obtained such that it explicitly links the contact force term with the friction coefficient between grains, a tensor defined as a statistic of the normal contact forces and a tensor defined as a statistic of the mobilisation status of contacts. Based on this equation, another equation regarding the stress ratio of granular assembly is obtained, and it clearly indicates two sources that contribute to the phenomenological friction nature of granular assembly. These two sources are caused by the contact force at the grain scale. The first is the anisotropy of the average normal contact forces, and the second is the mobilisation of contacts.