Emission spectrographic estimation of gold

A procedure for estimating minute quantities (parts per billion) of gold is described, based on dissolution of the sample in aqua regia, adsorption on activated charcoal, arcing of the charcoal ash, and measurement of the intensity of the emitted spectra.     

Direct effects of Daphnia-grazing, not infochemicals, mediate a shift towards large inedible colonies of the gelatinous green alga Sphaerocystis schroeteri

The influence of Daphnia galeata×hyalina grazing and of infochemicals released by the daphnids on the colony size and growth rate of the colonial gelatinous green alga Sphaerocystis schroeteri (Chlorococcales) was investigated in laboratory batch experiments run for 96 h. High zooplankton grazing pressure was exerted by a final concentration of 100 daphnids L⁻¹ in the Daphnia treatments. Infochemicals were obtained by filtration (0.2 μm) of water from D. galeata×hyalina cultures (200 ind. L⁻¹ exposed for 24 h). This filtrate was added to the S. schroeteri cultures in two concentrations corresponding to 7 and 50 daphnids L⁻¹, respectively. The growth rate of S. schroeteri was neither affected significantly by direct Daphnia grazing nor by the presence of Daphnia infochemicals, in comparison to the control. However, the portion of inedible S. schroeteri colonies (diameter>50 μm) increased under direct grazing pressure, whereas the Daphnia infochemicals did not influence the colony size significantly. We conclude that the shift in colony size by direct zooplankton grazing denotes an effective defence mechanism against size selective feeding for colonial gelatinous green algae. This effective defence in combination with unchanged growth rates of the larger colonies (under non-limiting nutrient and light conditions) falsifies the assumption of a trade-off between minimising grazing losses and maximising growth by optimising the colony size.     

试论西部大开发与国防建设

根据我国国土形状呈三叶螺旋浆形的特征，指出了我国经济建设，国防建设和行政管理均应实行中心辐射型结构模式，述了我国经济建设与国防建设相结合的措施，将经济区以国防功能区分为核心经济区，纽带经济区，支撑经济区，有序建成这三类经济区，以适应形势发展的需要，扩大我国的战略防御向纵深发展。     

A cost–benefit appraisal of coastal managed realignment policy

European coasts are coming under increasing threat as a result of climate change from erosion and flooding. While coastal defences such as sea walls have been constructed since Roman times to protect human settlements from the sea, it is now increasingly recognised that these defences are unsustainable. The security provided by ‘hard’ engineered defences has encouraged development on the coast, and the defences themselves have led to the loss of intertidal habitat and the natural protection it provides.An alternative to maintaining ‘hard’ defences (hold-the-line) to protect land from increasing sea levels is managed realignment, where the engineered defences are deliberately breached. By allowing the coastline to recede to a new line of defence further inland, intertidal habitat is created providing natural protection from flooding and erosion.The study evaluates the economic efficiency—using cost–benefit analysis—of various managed realignment scenarios compared to a strategy of holding-the-line within the Humber estuary in North-east England. The results of this analysis show that managed realignment can be more economically efficient than holding-the-line over a sufficiently long time period—generally greater than 25 years. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that results are more sensitive to the amount and value of intertidal habitat generated than they are to the amount and value of carbon stored by this habitat. Cost–benefit analysis is viewed as one component of a wider policy appraisal process within integrated coastal management.     

采用锚固和支撑与新型防护网SNS联合治理黄山风景区云汤线危岩崩塌

将传统的支撑锚固与新型SNS边坡防护技术应用于危岩的治理工程,不但解决了大块危岩治理问题,还解决了松动而无法清除危岩的崩落、掉块问题,且对自然景观破坏小,对旅游公路运营影响小,解决了场地狭窄与工程安全的矛盾,施工方便迅速,工程安全可靠。     

Sorption of PAR–metal complexes on activated carbon as a rapid preconcentration method for the determination of Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and V in ground water

A simple, rapid and field-oriented preconcentration method is described for the determination of Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and V in ground water samples by flame AAS. The method is based on sorption of trace elements as metal-pyridyl azo resorcinol (M-PAR) complexes on activated carbon (AC) at pH 5.5±0.5. The effects of various parameters for quantitative sorption of M-PAR chelates on AC are discussed. The trace elements are desorbed from AC simply by treating AC with 1.6 M nitric acid, thus avoiding the tedious and time consuming operation of ashing AC. An enrichment factor of 200 or greater is easily achievable. The trace elements could be determined down to 1 ppb (V at 5 ppb) with ±15% relative error. The RSD of the method is ±15% at the practical determination limit of 1 ppb with an enrichment factor of 200. The major advantage of the method is the possibility of performing the preconcentration at the sampling site and hence a small preconcentrated volume could be sent for instrumental analysis, thus preventing sorption on a container during storage. The method has been applied to numerous ground water samples for the determination of these trace analytes at ppb levels in connection with the hydrogeochemical exploration for uranium.     

发光细菌法在环渤海污水样品遗传毒性检测中的应用

建立了以经过遗传改造的发光细菌Acinetobacter sp.Rec A为受试物种的环境污染物遗传毒性快速检测方法,该方法最快可在3h内得到毒性评价结果。采用该方法评价了环渤海排污口12份污水样品的遗传毒性。环渤海12个排污口的污水样品均表现出了不同水平的遗传毒性,并呈现出一定的分布特征。其中,高毒水质集中出现在山东半岛污水样品中,中毒水质集中出现在辽东半岛地区,而低毒水质主要集中于京津冀地区。综上,在环渤海的污水样品遗传毒性检测中,这种新型发光细菌法具有快速、灵敏、简便等优点,可为以后近海环境的水质生物毒性检测提供参考依据,具有应用于近海环境水质快速监测与评价的潜力。     

田口方法用于地质样品中痕量超痕量金三种分析方法的对比

目前测定地质样品痕量、超痕量金常用的三种方法是活性炭吸附富集-发射光谱法、泡塑吸附富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法、活性炭吸附富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,这三种方法的检出限在0.1~0.3ng/g之间,由于矿石矿物的组成非常复杂,因此在有效富集和分离的基础上,采用合适的分析手段,能够对地质样品提供满意的分析结果。为保证试样要求的灵敏度和准确性,分析方法的选择需求应根据具体试样情况和实验室条件而定。根据田口玄一博士在测量工程学中提出的信噪比(S/N)能测量系统抗干扰能力,评价测量系统的稳健性和可靠性这一观点,本文利用田口测量质量控制理论,评价地质样品中痕量、超痕量金常用的上述三种分析测试方法,对这三种分析方法三个金标准物质的测试数据进行分类处理,计算S/N值和相对标准不确定度,通过比较三者的S/N值和相对标准不确定度值,确定更为可靠的测试体系。分析结果表明,对于地质样品中痕量金(含量大于1 ng/g)的测试,三种分析方法均能够满足要求;对于超痕量金(含量小于1 ng/g)的测试,活性炭吸附富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法是较好的测试方案。     

A new preparation process of coal-based magnetically activated carbon

Fe/C-based magnetically activated carbon （MAC） was obtained by carbonizing and activating its precursor, that was prepared by co-precipitation of anthracite coal impregnated in ferric chloride solution. The effect of the concentrations of FeC13 and pH of solution on BET surface area, pore volume and magnetic properties of the MAC was studied by BET N2 adsorption and VSM method. The results indicated that the magnetization of MAC gradually increases with increasing concentration of FeC13 and pH value of solution, and BET surface area was inclined to fluctuation. The largest BET surface area and magnetization of MAC were 1327.5 m2/g and 35.56 emu/g, respec- tively. The form of magnetic matter in the magnetically activated carbon was mainly Fe3C by X-ray powder diffrac- tion （XRD） and magnetic attraction test.     

电容去离子化去除地下水中镉的影响因素

以高比表面积活性炭作为吸附剂制备电容电极,研究电容去离子化（CDI）对地下水中镉的吸附性能。分别探讨了镉初始质量浓度、体系供电电压、地下水中常见阳离子种类对CDI去除镉的影响。结果表明,CDI吸附镉符合准二级吸附动力学、满足Langmuir等温吸附方程,CDI对镉的吸附为单分子层吸附。吸附量随镉初始质量浓度的升高而增加;在低质量浓度时,较高的供电电压会提高初始阶段的吸附速率,但对电极的最终吸附量无显著影响;地下水中主要阳离子的存在增加了体系的电导率,从而促进了CDI对镉的吸附,提高了镉的吸附速率和去除率。