Sea-floor positioning with global positioning system–acoustic link system

The present study describes a new system designed and developed for observing crustal deformation on the sea floor. The system consists of two parts, the kinematic positioning by global positioning system (GPS) and acoustic ranging techniques. Since the location of a site at the ocean bottom relative to a reference site on land cannot be determined directly, the procedure was divided into two steps. First, the position of a vessel was determined using differential and kinematic GPS techniques, and then the position of a reference point at the ocean bottom was located relative to the vessel using the acoustic ranging technique. Thus, the location of the ocean-bottom station is determined relative to the reference sites on land in the global reference system. The accuracy was tested in several ways. In one experiment, a buoy was used as the surface station which linked the positions of a GPS receiver to the acoustic transponder. Assuming a simple sound velocity profile of the seawater, the position of an ocean-bottom reference point was estimated with an accuracy of several meters. Thus, with the present system, it is difficult to observe ocean-bottom crustal deformations generated by typical plate motions. Methods are being investigated to improve the observation system for more accurate sea floor positioning.     

浅论不同应力状态下坝基层间剪切带弹性力学性质

本文以万家寨水利枢纽坝基Ｓｃｊ０８层间剪切带声波测试资料为依据,论述了不同应力状态下、剪切带弹性力学性质变化过程和机理,其成果对坝基施工过程控制和基础稳定性分析具有一定指导意义。     

Modern tectonic stress field in the Chinese mainland inverted from focal mechanism solutions

IntroductionTheinversionapproachofregionalstressfielddevelopedinrecent10to20yearsprovidesausefultoolforstudyingthemeanstressinagivenregion(Angeller,1979;Ellsworth,1981,Xu,Ge,1984).Becauseitusesmultitudinousfaultsinsteadofsinglefault,itcanremovetheinhomogeneityoflocalmediumsoastorevealtheregionalstressinformation.Besides,thismethodproducesaRvalue,whichisdefinedby(O-2--q)/(q--q),andmaydescribestherelativemagnitUdeofintermediateprincipalstress,whereq,acand%arethemaximum,theintermediateandthemi…     

用单片机实现水声遥控指令的脉冲周期编码（PTC）信号

本文介绍用单片机实现脉冲周期编码（ＰＴＣ）的电路,给出硬件和软件的配置,其特点是灵活、简单、可靠,适合用于水下传输多个声遥控指令     

涉县地震台水管倾斜仪常见干扰分析

对于涉县地震台水管倾斜仪观测资料,根据地球物理数据跟踪分析方法,将干扰源按照自然因素、场地环境因素、观测系统、地球物理事件等类型进行分析,并给出数据处理建议。     

基于声发射的岩石破裂应力场动态反演

为获取岩石在破裂过程中的动态应力场,首先进行室内物理试验获取声发射数据,在此基础上基于能量耗散原理,利用实测声发射信息建立起岩石细观损伤表征方程,并通过FLAC3D内嵌FISH语言进行二次开发,自动搜索声发射损伤影响范围内岩石单元并对其力学参数进行弱化,计算得到较为真实的岩石破裂动态应力场。结果表明,计算得到的岩石破裂应力场与实测结果有良好的对应关系,验证了岩石细观损伤表征方法的合理性。同时,获得的岩石动态破裂应力场不仅可以从岩石力学的角度解释破坏产生的原因,也对预测岩石下一步破坏具有指导意义。但这种方法仍具有一定的局限性,需要进一步的探索研究。     

Using acoustics to prioritize management decisions to protect coastal dolphins: A case study using Hawaiian spinner dolphins

For more than a decade, interactions between humans and Hawaiian spinner dolphins in their resting bays have been a concern for members of the general public, managers, scientists, policymakers, and tour operators. Hawaiian spinner dolphins are the target of a large wildlife tourism industry due to their predictable daytime resting behavior and presence in coastal areas. Using results from passive acoustic monitoring between January 2011 and March 2013 on the Kona coast of Hawai‛i Island, USA, the relative importance of four known Hawaiian spinner dolphin resting bays, the contribution of anthropogenic noise including vessel noise to the four bay soundscapes, and the dolphins' response to human activities were assessed. Here the findings are summarized and visualized and recommendations are provided for action to regulate directed dolphin watching and ensuing unauthorized takes under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. These findings and recommendations have implications for the federal government's ongoing efforts to implement rules that protect Hawaiian spinner dolphins in their resting bays.     

声学应答释放器电路部分可靠性分析

声学应答释放器是一种对可靠性要求很高的海洋环境监测设备,文中对国家海洋技术中心研制的声学应答释放器进行了可靠性分析。首先介绍了声学应答释放器的电路构成及功能;然后依据可靠性建模相关理论完成电路部分可靠性模型建立,依据可靠性模型,预计了设备的固有可靠度;最后有针对性地提出改进措施,用于指导声学应答释放器设计,为释放器技术研究提供计算模型与可借鉴的经验。     

地理科学的价值与地理学者的情怀

本文强调了前辈地理学家提出的关于地理学是介于自然科学和社会科学之间的交叉学科的观点。从中国国家需求及当代国际地理学的发展趋势,从理论与实践的结合上论述了地理科学的学科对象、学科性质及区域性、综合性、知识结构等方面的特点,特别突出地阐述了地理科学与纯自然科学或纯社会科学的诸多不同点。提倡地理学家要十分关注中国的环境变化及带来的严重的可持续发展问题,并发挥综合和交叉研究的优势。此外还指出中国地理学面临着重要的发展机遇,也出现了深刻的危机。     

Bottom topography,recent sedimentation and water volume of the Cerro Prieto Dam,NE Mexico

The Cerro Prieto dam, a relatively small water reservoir in NE Mexico, is one of the main resources of potable water for Monterrey, a city with a population of about four million inhabitants. A high resolution seismic study using non-linear parametric sub-bottom echo-sounder SES-2000 was carried out in this water reservoir. High resolution acoustic data interpretation shows that the thickness of recent sediments due to siltation of the reservoir reaches 3.5-4.0 m. It shows a high recent sedimentation rate (1-2 up to 14 cm/ year). Based on the echo-sounder data, the first bathymetric map and a digital model of recent sediment thickness were designed. A significant (5-12%) difference between the volume capacity value used by National Commission of Water (CNA) and acoustic survey results was revealed. Differences between the CNA and acoustic data indicate storage losses from 12-17 up to 30 million cubic meters. The results obtained through study such as this one, could be useful to improve a water resources management.