Hydro‐climatic impacts on the ice cover of the lower Peace River

Since the late 1960s, a paucity of ice‐jam flooding in the lower Peace River has resulted in prolonged dry periods and considerable reduction in the area covered by lakes and ponds that provide habitat for aquatic life in the Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD) region. Though major ice jams occur at breakup, antecedent conditions play a significant role in their frequency and severity. These conditions are partly defined by the mode of freezeup and the maximum thickness that is attained during the winter, shortly before the onset of spring and development of positive net heat fluxes to the ice cover. Data from hydrometric gauge records and from field surveys are utilized herein to study these conditions. It is shown that freezeup flows are considerably larger at the present time than before regulation, and may be responsible for more frequent formation of porous accumulation covers. Despite a concomitant rise in winter temperatures, solid‐ice thickness has increased since the 1960s. Using a simple ice growth model, specifically developed for the study area, it is shown that porous accumulation covers enhance winter ice growth via accelerated freezing into the porous accumulation. Coupled with a reduction in winter snowfall, this effect can not only negate, but reverse, the effect of warmer winters on ice thickness, thus explaining present conditions. The present model is also shown to be a useful prediction tool, especially for extrapolating incomplete data to the end of the winter. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effectiveness assessment of gas accumulation processes in Kuqa depression,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

The effectiveness of gas accumulation processes is controlled by several main geological factors in-cluding charging force,features of gas conduit,sealing properties of caprock,etc. Based on the analysis and statistics of the large-medium size gas accumulations in China,the main parameters,in-cluding the excess pressure difference between the source rock and reservoir bed,the area coefficient of the gas conduit,and the thickness or displacement pressure of caprock,and the criteria for the as-sessment of gas accumulation processes have been established. Using the parameters and the criteria above,the effectiveness of gas accumulation processes in the Kuqa depression was quantitatively evaluated. By integrating the parameters of the excess pressure difference between the source rock and reservoir bed,the area coefficient of fault conduit system,and the caprock thickness in gas charging period,a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of gas accumulation in the Kuqa depression has been made. The result reveals that the Tubei-Dawan area,the Central Kelasu area and the Dongqiu-Dina area are three highly-effective areas for gas accumulation in the Kuqa depression.     

日本真海带对硒的积累和生物转化

在海水中添加亚硒酸盐(Na₂SeO₃)及不同浓度的氮磷营养盐(NaNO₃+NaHO₂PO₄),研究海带对硒的积累,通过分离测定海带富硒前后各生化组分的含硒量来探讨硒的生物转化问题.结果表明天然海带含硒量(鲜重)为0.451~0.596μg/g,海带富硒最佳的Na2SeO₃浓度为200mg/dm3,培养56h后的富硒倍率约为50.在天然海带中,硒主要以有机态存在,有机硒占总硒含量的86.22%;在含有200mg/dm3NaO₂SeO₃的海水中培养56h后测得海带的总硒为24.481μg/g,其中有机硒含量为16.703μg/g,无机硒为4.714μg/g;在添加氮磷营养盐的含硒海水中,海带的富硒能力得到进一步的提高,在适宜的氮磷条件下(150mg/dm3NaNO₃和25mg/dm3NaHO₂PO₄)总硒含量达到33.649μg/g,而无机硒含量基本不变,为4.497μg/g,因此提高部分转化为有机硒,有机硒含量达到24.678μg/g.这说明海带具有通过自身代谢将无机硒转化为有机硒的较强的能力.     

川西地区须家河组异常压力演化与天然气成藏模式

川西地区须家河组发育异常高的流体压力, 组内构成了互层式的生、储、盖组合, 探讨异常高压背景下的天然气运移成藏特点及其规律具有重要意义.根据大量实测压力数据, 得出了川西地区异常压力在纵向和平面上的分布规律.以现今实测压力、压实研究和包裹体测试获得的古压力为约束条件, 应用所建立的异常压力数学模型恢复异常压力的演化历史. 研究发现, 地层压力的纵向分布可概括为南部地区的“两段式”和北部地区的“三段式”, 北部的超压幅度最大, 平面上超压中心位于梓潼凹陷.早侏罗世—古近纪须家河组内发育沉积型超压, 新近纪—现今则新增构造型超压.以流体压力的分布及其演化为主线, 结合其他主要成藏要素, 建立了3种典型的天然气成藏模式.      

库车坳陷迪那2构造油气运聚模拟实验

为了研究油气运聚过程, 以迪那2构造为地质模型, 在构造特征、储盖组合、油气来源分析的基础上建立油气运聚过程物理模拟的二维实验模型.通过模拟实验, 揭示: (1)断层是迪那2构造中油气运移的主要通道; (2)泄压区是油气运移的有利指向区; (3)毛管力及浮力在渗透性相近的砂岩中起重要作用; (4)油气总是选择优势通道运移, 在沿断层运移的同时, 也向两侧砂体中扩散; (5)油驱水之后的气驱油运移通道具有继承性的特点.      

鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界成藏动力学系统分析

鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界油气运移的主要动力上部和下部分别以静水压力和差异压实所产生的流体压力为主,据动力学特征、油源发育状况、封闭条件等因素,可将成藏动力学系统划分为四类:(1)它源超压成藏动力学系统;(2)自源超压成藏动力学系统;(3)自源常压成藏动力学系统;(4)它源常压成藏动力学系统.并指出镇原-泾川地区应加强自源超压和自源常压成藏动力学系统的油气勘探,而宜君-旬邑地区则以它源超压、自源超压成藏动力学系统为主要勘探对象.      

SGR断层封堵性分析及断层圈闭烃柱高度估算 --以中国东部G断块为例

对油气藏中的断层进行封堵或不封堵风险评价的技术中,目前以泥岩断层泥比(SGR)方法最为常用,效果也最好,主要软件有TrapTester5。应用SGR方法对一个具体地区断层的封堵性进行评价,必须用被钻井资料证实了封堵能力的油藏断层对SGR值进行标定。介绍了SGR方法的原理,并以中国东部G断块为例作了烃柱高度估算。运用TrapTester5软件可以对断层封堵性进行定量研究,能降低断层圈闭的勘探风险。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界储层现今地下水动力场及其流体特征

油气的运移、聚集与地下水动力场的形成与演化紧密相关。含油气沉积盆地地下水动力场的理想模式可以归纳为两种,即对称型和不对称型,其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为：（1）泥岩压水离心流;（2）大气水下渗向心流;（3）越流、越流－蒸发泄水;（4）滞留4种类型。本文试通过讨论鄂尔多斯盆地现今地下水动力场的特征,推断其油气的运移和聚集,这对分析鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气田的形成,以及资源评价和勘探决策都具有极其重要的意义。     

电渗的电荷累积理论

基于模型试验中所观测到的电荷累积现象,提出了电渗的电荷累积理论。该理论以电荷守恒原理代替电流连续性原理,建立了电荷累积模型的微分方程。微分方程的解析解表明：电势在空间的分布是线性函数和三角函数的叠加,该分布最终趋近于Esrig理论所假定的线形分布。电势梯度随时间以指数形式消减,最终稳定于一个常数,电流和土体电导率随时间的消减形式与能级梯度理论近似一致。最后,通过观测电渗电流随时间的变化过程,对电荷累积理论进行了试验验证。