Controls on reservoir heterogeneity of tight sand oil reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area,southwest Ordos Basin,China: Implications for reservoir quality prediction and oil accumulation

Compared to conventional reservoirs, pore structure and diagenetic alterations of unconventional tight sand oil reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is a major tight-oil-bearing formation in the Ordos Basin, providing an opportunity to study the factors that control reservoir heterogeneity and the heterogeneity of oil accumulation in tight oil sandstones.The Chang 8 tight oil sandstone in the study area is comprised of fine-to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir quality is extremely heterogeneous due to large heterogeneities in the depositional facies, pore structures and diagenetic alterations. Small throat size is believed to be responsible for the ultra-low permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Most reservoirs with good reservoir quality, larger pore-throat size, lower pore-throat radius ratio and well pore connectivity were deposited in high-energy environments, such as distributary channels and mouth bars. For a given depositional facies, reservoir quality varies with the bedding structures. Massive- or parallel-bedded sandstones are more favorable for the development of porosity and permeability sweet zones for oil charging and accumulation than cross-bedded sandstones.Authigenic chlorite rim cementation and dissolution of unstable detrital grains are two major diagenetic processes that preserve porosity and permeability sweet zones in oil-bearing intervals. Nevertheless, chlorite rims cannot effectively preserve porosity-permeability when the chlorite content is greater than a threshold value of 7%, and compaction played a minor role in porosity destruction in the situation. Intensive cementation of pore-lining chlorites significantly reduces reservoir permeability by obstructing the pore-throats and reducing their connectivity. Stratigraphically, sandstones within 1 m from adjacent sandstone-mudstone contacts are usually tightly cemented (carbonate cement > 10%) with low porosity and permeability (lower than 10% and 0.1 mD, respectively). The carbonate cement most likely originates from external sources, probably derived from the surrounding mudstone. Most late carbonate cements filled the previously dissolved intra-feldspar pores and the residual intergranular pores, and finally formed the tight reservoirs.The petrophysical properties significantly control the fluid flow capability and the oil charging/accumulation capability of the Chang 8 tight sandstones. Oil layers usually have oil saturation greater than 40%. A pore-throat radius of less than 0.4 μm is not effective for producible oil to flow, and the cut off of porosity and permeability for the net pay are 7% and 0.1 mD, respectively.     

温度、饵料种类对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)油脂积累与生长发育的影响

中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)C5期幼体的油脂积累是种群在黄海冷水团中得以顺利度夏的关键过程。本研究对温度(10°C和19°C恒温,10—19°CⅠ和10—19°CⅡ变温)与饵料种类(硅藻饵料,自然饵料)双因子培养实验进行研究,探讨温度和饵料种类对中华哲水蚤油脂积累与生长发育的影响作用。结果表明,不同的温度和饵料种类对C5期幼体的油脂积累均有影响。C5期幼体在变温组的油脂积累是10°C组的31%—102%,是19°C组的1.8—6.1倍,低温有利于C5期幼体降低个体代谢消耗以增加油脂的积累。在恒温培养下,C5期幼体在硅藻饵料组的油脂积累是自然饵料组的2.8倍,硅藻饵料比自然饵料更有利于油脂的积累。雌体的体长和油囊体积均随着温度的升高而减小。与硅藻饵料相比,在自然饵料组中雌体的性腺发育速度更快,性腺成熟度更高(繁殖指数:58%—65%)。     

盐田嗜盐单胞杆菌的分离鉴定及其PHB 积累的研究

微生物聚合物聚-?-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)具有良好的生物降解性、生物相容性和热塑性,在环保、医药和农业领域具有广阔的应用前景。高PHB积累菌株的获得及其发酵条件的研究具有很好的实用价值。作者从渤海湾日晒盐场盐田卤水中分离出一株杆状细菌,经16S r DNA序列测序比对,确定为盐杆菌属(Halomonas),命名为Halomonas 100-16-2,其最适生长盐度为50~100,最适生长p H为7~8,属中度嗜盐菌。在酸水解酪蛋白(7.5 g/L)的基础培养基中分别添加0、10、20和30 g/L葡萄糖,研究盐度100条件下不同葡萄糖添加量对Halomonas 100-16-2生长和PHB含量的影响。结果表明,随着葡萄糖浓度的增加,该菌株的生长和PHB积累显著提高。葡萄糖质量浓度为30 g/L时,细胞干质量达8.60 g/L,PHB含量达到5.57 g/L(即达到细胞干质量的65%)。本研究为渤海湾盐田微生物资源的开发和利用提供了有价值的基础数据。     

张扭性断陷盆地构造样式与油气成藏的关系——以珠江口盆地恩平凹陷新生界为例

从张扭性断陷盆地的断裂特征入手,结合构造动力学形成机制,总结了恩平凹陷的构造样式特征及有利圈闭类型,并探讨了构造样式对烃源岩的形成和油气富集区带的控制作用。结果表明:恩平凹陷为双向伸展的上下构造层变形系统的叠合,即古近系为NE-EW向伸展构造系统,新近系为NW-NWW向伸展-张性扭动构造系统;发育了4大类伸展型构造样式,构造样式演化控制了半地堑结构、烃源岩发育情况、油气的初始运移方向和断裂构造带与圈闭类型分布,为新生界油气藏的形成创造了有利条件。     

祁连山老虎沟冰川积累区风速、风向变化特征研究

基于2008年11月-2009年10月祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区的风速、风向观测资料, 分析了年内季节和日变化特征. 结果表明: 全年日平均风速波动较大, 介于1～8.8 m·s^-1. 日均值以冬季最大, 春, 秋季次之, 夏季最小, 分别为5.1 m·s^-1, 3.4 m·s^-1, 3.7 m·s^-1, 2.6 m·s^-1, 表现出典型的"高山型"风速特征. 秋, 冬季节, 无论昼夜, 以偏南风为主, 风速始终保持在较为稳定的高值状态, 属于典型的冰川风; 春, 夏季节, 冰川风场依旧强劲, 而且伴有山谷风出现. 受山系-河谷地形及雪冰下垫面的共同作用, 春, 夏, 秋三季表现出一定的偏东风, 柴达木低压可能对此也有贡献.     

区域网GPS观测得到的2008年汶川M_S 8.0地震前的地壳水平运动

2008年5月12日汶川（31.0°N,103.4°E）MS8.0大地震发生在中国地壳运动观测网络区域网GPS观测站相当密集的地区．1000个站的GPS 非连续观测区域网分别在1999,2001,2004年和2007年作了4次观测．震前区域网GPS观测站得到的水平位移表明,汶川大地震主要力源是印度板块向北对中国大陆的挤压,但同时也受到东部与南部板块的挤压．与其它地区相比,震前震中附近水平位移最显著的特点是,汶川地震发生在南北地震带上位移分叉部位,即震中北部明显向东北位移,震中南部明显向东南位移,而震中附近的水平位移则明显小于其北面和南面的水平位移．简要讨论了应变计算结果的精度．为获取地震前的异常信息,分别采用趋势曲面拟合和统计方法研究了汶川地震前（1999—2007年）区域网的应变积累,寻找震中的大致区域．除了2001年昆仑山口西大地震震中及其周围地区外,1999—2007年震前区域网的应变积累的趋势曲面拟合表明,汶川地震发生在中国大陆第一剪应变积累大、范围最广的区域的东侧,且在此区域内积累较大的面压缩区的东北边缘．应变分量的统计分析表明,震前其分布在此区域及其附近同样有明显的异常,剪应变和面膨胀积累均增强．      

Response of the barrier island coastal region of southwestern Nigeria to climate and non-climate forcing

Despite threats emanating from the influence of climate and non-climate forcing on the barrier island coastal region of southwestern Nigeria, the extent of the coastal erosion is poorly understood. We report evidence of coastal erosion and sediment accumulation in the region over a 34-year period (1973–2017), using Landsat imagery at intervals of approximately six years. Landsat image corrections and various water-extraction algorithms were used to systematically delineate coastal erosion and accumulation in the area. The region was subdivided into western and eastern subregions separated by Lagos Harbour. In the west, erosion took place during the periods 1973–1979, 1979–1984, 1990–1999 and 2005–2011, whereas in the east, erosion occurred during 1973–1979, 1990–1999 and 1999–2005. Coastal sediment accumulation occurred in the east during 1979–1984, 1984–1990, 2005–2011 and 2011–2017, whereas gains in the west occurred during 1984–1990, 1999–2005 and 2011–2017. The study revealed substantial net erosion of 1 228.1 ha in the region as a whole, over the full period. Sediment accumulation accompanying the coastal erosion appears to be linked to longshore drift. Erosion between 1973 and 2011 was probably attributable to climate change (storms and tidal conditions), longshore drift, the inflow and outflow of water at Lagos Harbour, coastal morphology and, possibly, human impacts. However, the coastal changes between 2011 and 2017 were more obviously associated with human activities, such as development of the Eko Atlantic construction project. Coastal surveillance, together with the use of environmentally sensitive protective measures, could possibly help to reduce coastal erosion in the region. Careful coastal management practices, including artificial nourishing and the installation of resilient structures (e.g. seawalls), should be undertaken to protect human settlements that are already at risk from sea-level rise.     

莺歌海盆地莺东斜坡带隐蔽油气藏类型及成藏主控因素

莺东斜坡带具有“两脊一洼”分段式展布之特殊区域地质构造格局,且自北而南“两脊一洼”三段式分布具有明显不同的构造及断裂活动特征与油气运聚规律,故不同区域区带隐蔽油气藏类型及成藏主控因素差异明显,其中,北段(即北延伸脊)成藏主控因素主要取决于烃源及油气运聚输导系统;中段(一洼即岭头断阶区)成藏主控因素则受控于烃源与岩性圈闭的有效性;南段(南延伸脊)成藏主控因素主要取决于地层岩性复合圈闭的有效性。根据不同类型隐蔽油气藏的成藏主控因素及分布规律,即可采取不同的研究方法及勘探技术对策,以期获得油气勘探的突破。