应用CGDPA评估中国大陆地区IMERG的降水估计精度

应用国家气象信息中心基于地面雨量计的逐日降水分析产品CGDPA (China Gauge-Based Daily Precipitation Analysis)为基准数据,采用定量和分类评分指标分析了2014年9月—2015年8月中国大陆地区全球降水观测GPM (Global Precipitation M easurement)多星集成降水产品IM ERG (Integrated M ulti-satellite Retrievals for GPM)的精度。结果表明:1) IMERG日平均降水量能够较好地反映我国降水量的空间分布特点(局部地区偏低),季节平均降水强度的空间分布与CGDPA具有较好的一致性(尤其中东部和南部)。2) IMERG与CGDPA日平均降水量的相关系数在大部分地区介于0. 2～0. 5,只有少数地区超过0. 6,局部地区甚至出现负相关。3) IM ERG在中国大陆东部的降水估计精度明显优于西部,但东部绝大部分地区IMERG日降水量比CGDPA偏低10%～30%,甚至更低。4) IMERG与CGDPA降水概率密度相差最大的是微量降雨,其次是中雨,其他降水强度则相差很小。5)各季节IMERG探测降水的准确率POD都比较低,空报率FAR则比较高,临界成功指数CSI也比较低。     

Volunteered geographic information quality assessment using trust and reputation modelling in land administration systems in developing countries

This article presents an innovative approach to establish the quality and credibility of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) such that it can be considered in Land Administration Systems (LAS) on a Fit for Purpose (FFP) basis. A participatory land information system can provide affordable and timely FFP information about land and its resources. However, the establishment of such a system involves more than just technical solutions and administrative procedures: many social, economic and political aspects must be considered. Innovative approaches like VGI can help address the lack of accurate, reliable and FFP land information for LAS, but integration of such sources relies on the quality and credibility of VGI. Verifying volunteer efforts can be difficult without reference to ground truth: a novel Trust and Reputation Modelling methodology is proposed as a suitable technique to effect such VGI data set validation. This method has been applied to successfully demonstrate that VGI can produce accurate and reliable data sets which can be used to conduct regular systematic updates of geographic information in official systems. It relies on a view that the public can police themselves in establishing proxy measures of VGI quality thus facilitating VGI to be used on a FFP basis in LAS.     

基于PID反馈的两级超低频隔振系统理论分析及仿真

建立两级隔振系统的运动模型,推导系统的闭环传递函数并对传递函数进行分析。结果表明：1）系统采用PID反馈较当前超长弹簧中采用的PD反馈具有更好的等效阻尼系数调节功能。2）系统的等效固有周期主要受反馈比例系数kp影响,kp越大,等效固有周期越长,隔振效果越好;kp选定后,积分系数ki和微分系数kd共同影响系统的阻尼,且ki占主导地位,决定系统的稳定性。通过仿真验证了闭环传递函数分析结果的准确性,且仿真结果表明,系统在1 Hz处的隔振效果可达-70 dB。     

Vertical accuracy assessment of freely available digital elevation models over low-lying coastal plains

The frequency of coastal flood damages is expected to increase significantly during the twenty-first century as sea level rises in the coastal floodplain. Coastal digital elevation model (DEM) data describing coastal topography are essential for assessing future flood-related damages and understanding the impacts of sea-level rise. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) are currently the most accurate and freely available DEM data. However, an accuracy assessment specifically targeted at DEMs over low elevation coastal plains is lacking. The present study focuses on these areas to assess the vertical accuracy of SRTM and ASTER GDEM using Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite, Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (ICESat/GLAS) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) field survey data. The findings show that DEM accuracy is much better than the mission specifications over coastal plains. In addition, optical remote sensing image analysis further reveals the relationship between DEM vertical accuracy and land cover in these areas. This study provides a systematic approach to assess the accuracy of DEMs in coastal zones, and the results highlight the limitations and potential of these DEMs in coastal applications.     

改进型算法的高分辨率遥感影像道路灾害信息提取

对灾后道路受灾信息获取,分析其交通通行能力,是救灾关键之一。本文针对传统高分辨率遥感影像道路信息提取方法效率低的问题,在面向对象算法基础上,提出了一种改进型的矢量与影像叠加的算法,对灾害道路进行信息提取。试验结果表明,该算法提高了灾害道路信息提取的效率与精度。     

等高线插值实现及其精度分析

提出了搜索半径、方位角、地形特征线等一系列用来约束插值过程的概念和规则,用以保证等高线插值的准确性,并采用中误差、拟合优度、偏差率等评价模型对插值结果进行精度评估。同时,本文也对高程检测点位的选取提出了积极建议,有利于规范高程检测点的选取。最后,基于Arc GIS平台,设计开发了相关插件,实现了利用距离权倒数法进行等高线插值及统计结果的报表化输出。     

Comparative assessment of thematic accuracy of GLC maps for specific applications using existing reference data

Inputs to various applications and models, current global land cover (GLC) maps are based on different data sources and methods. Therefore, comparing GLC maps is challenging. Statistical comparison of GLC maps is further complicated by the lack of a reference dataset that is suitable for validating multiple maps. This study utilizes the existing Globcover-2005 reference dataset to compare thematic accuracies of three GLC maps for the year 2005 (Globcover, LC-CCI and MODIS). We translated and reinterpreted the LCCS (land cover classification system) classifier information of the reference dataset into the different map legends. The three maps were evaluated for a variety of applications, i.e., general circulation models, dynamic global vegetation models, agriculture assessments, carbon estimation and biodiversity assessments, using weighted accuracy assessment. Based on the impact of land cover confusions on the overall weighted accuracy of the GLC maps, we identified map improvement priorities. Overall accuracies were 70.8 ± 1.4%, 71.4 ± 1.3%, and 61.3 ± 1.5% for LC-CCI, MODIS, and Globcover, respectively. Weighted accuracy assessments produced increased overall accuracies (80–93%) since not all class confusion errors are important for specific applications. As a common denominator for all applications, the classes mixed trees, shrubs, grasses, and cropland were identified as improvement priorities. The results demonstrate the necessity of accounting for dissimilarities in the importance of map classification errors for different user application. To determine the fitness of use of GLC maps, accuracy of GLC maps should be assessed per application; there is no single-figure accuracy estimate expressing map fitness for all purposes.     

国产双偏振天气雷达差分反射率测量性能分析

双偏振天气雷达对气象目标差分反射率(Z_(DR))的精确测量是我国新一代天气雷达双偏振升级过程中的一个重要环节。本文介绍了采用机外仪表、机内测试信号、太阳、小雨等方法对双偏振天气雷达系统引入的Z_(DR)偏差进行测量的原理,分析了影响Z_(DR)测量精度的关键因素,即发射机、接收机和方位旋转关节引入的Z_(DR)动态偏差。比较了各种标定方法的优点和局限性。以南京大学C波段双偏振雷达为例,给出了采用机外仪表、太阳、小雨方法对雷达系统引入的Z_(DR)偏差的实测结果,并对测量结果进行了比较分析,发现3种方法的测量结果具有较好的一致性;且Z_(DR)测量值随方位角的变化具有一定的规律,因此随着双偏振雷达的长期运转,方位旋转关节的影响不可忽略。本文对未来我国双偏振雷达的业务运行和组网观测具有一定的参考价值。     

定角圆锥扫描式机载激光测深系统定位模型与精度评价

从定角圆锥扫描式机载激光测深系统激光测距仪内部结构出发,推导了棱镜、大气、海水中激光光线方向矢量方程,结合GPS/INS定位定姿系统,推导出激光脚点在成图坐标系中的定位模型。充分考虑对机载激光测深系统定位精度产生影响的各个因素,通过误差传播定律给出了圆锥扫描式机载激光测深系统的综合精度评价模型。参照国际上应用广泛的相关仪器系统参数、指标,对机载激光测深系统的定位精度进行实际计算,并对定位模型中涉及的主要误差源进行分析和讨论。     

一种GPS IIR-M型卫星超快星历钟差预报的高精度修正方法

针对IGS超快星历钟差预报产品(IGU-P)精度较低及无法满足高精度实时PPP定位精度的问题,提出了一种GPS IIR-M型卫星超快星历钟差预报的高精度修正方法。该方法对预报值的第一个数据与IGU观测部分(IGU-O)数据的最后一个历元做差,根据差值对整个IGU-O差分序列的影响程度来确定精度修正的大小和方向,从而实现IIR-M型卫星高精度预报的效果。经过IGU实测数据的测试结果表明,在短期预报6 h范围内,本文提出的精度修正方法可使3种预报方案在原有预报精度基础上分别提升6.13%、3.9%和3。48%,预报精度分别控制在0.599 ns、0.570 ns和0.531 ns,且均优于IGU-P产品预报精度。