测老庙陆相盆地与里奇盆地的对比分析

本文通过对走滑拉分盆地的动力学机制、几何形态、沉积体系以及与之相关的构造、火山岩浆等活动的探讨 ,将测老庙盆地的诸多特点与走滑拉分盆地的典型代表———里奇盆地进行对比 ,发现二者有惊人的相似之处 ,由此得出测老庙盆地为一走滑拉分盆地的结论。     

国外海洋气水合物研究的一些新进展

海洋水合物是未来的新型海洋天然气能源,文中简要介绍近年来国际大洋钻探项目在北美陆坡布莱克海岭和由德国Ｓｕｅｓｓ教授等人在东太平洋水合物海岭对海洋气水合物的勘察、取样和多学科的综合研究方面所取得的一些主要新进展和成果。１９９５年ＯＤＰ１６４航次在北美陆坡的布莱克海岭的９９７站位通过钻探取到３块块状气水合物和一些气水合物小碎块。德国Ｅ．Ｓｕｅｓｓ教授和他的同事们在东太平洋的水合物海岭于１９９６年和１９９年在约８００ｍ水深下的海底浅表深积物取到了大量的层块状气水合物。他们的研究表明,布莱克海岭和东太平水合物海岭的气水合物中的甲烷气体均来自细菌对ＣＯ２的分解结果,１６４航次９９５,９９７两上站位较明显的ＢＳＲ均与其下浮沉积物来自细菌对ＣＯ２的分解结果。１６４航次９９５,９９７两个站位较明显的ＢＳＲ均与其下伏沉积物中所饱     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene cool‐water carbonates of the Western Mediterranean Sea

Post‐glacial, neritic cool‐water carbonates of the Western Mediterranean Sea were examined by means of hydroacoustic data, sediment surface sampling and vibrocoring to unravel geometries and to reconstruct sedimentary evolution in response to the last sea‐level rise. The analysed areas, located on the Alboran Ridge, in the Bay of Oran, and at the southern shelf of the island of Mallorca, are microtidal and bathed by oligotrophic to weakly mesotrophic waters. Seasonal water temperature varies between 13 °C and 27 °C. Echosounder profiles show that the Bay of Oran and the southern shelf of Mallorca are distally steepened ramps, while the Alboran Ridge forms a steep‐flanked rugged plateau around the Alboran Island. In the three areas, an up to 10 m thick post‐glacial sediment cover overlies an unconformity. In Oran and Mallorca, stacked lowstand wedges occur in water depths of 120 to 130 m. On the Alboran Ridge and in the Bay of Oran, highstand wedges occur at 35 to 40 m. Up to 5 m long cores of upper Pleistocene to Holocene successions were recovered in water depths between 40 and 81 m. Deposits contain more than 80% carbonate, with mixed carbonate‐volcaniclastics in the lower part of some cores in Alboran. The carbonates consist of up to 53% of aragonite and up to 83% of high magnesium calcite. Radiocarbon dating of bivalve shells, coralline algae and serpulid tubes indicates that deposits are as old as 12 400 cal yr bp . The carbonate factories in the three areas are dominated mostly by red algae, but some intervals in the cores are richer in bivalves. A facies rich in the gastropod Turritella, reflecting elevated surface productivity, is restricted to the Mallorca Shelf. Rhodoliths occur at the sediment surface in most areas at water depths shallower than 70 m; they form a 10 to 20 cm thick veneer overlying rhodolith‐poor bioclastic sediments which, nonetheless, contain abundant red algal debris. This rhodolith layer has been developing for the past 800 to 1000 years. Similar layers at different positions in the cores are interpreted as reflecting in situ growth of rhodoliths at times of reduced net sedimentation. Sedimentary successions in the cores record the post‐glacial sea‐level rise and the degree of sediment exposure to bottom currents. Deepening‐upward trends in the successions are either reflected by shallow to deep facies transitions or by a corresponding change of depth‐indicative red algae. There are only weak downcore variations of carbonate mineralogy, which indicate that no dissolution or high magnesium to low magnesium calcite neomorphism occurs in the shallow subsurface. These new data support the approach of using the Recent facies distribution for interpretation of past cool‐water, low‐energy, microtidal carbonate depositional systems. Hydroacoustic data show that previous Pleistocene transgressive and highstand inner ramp deposits and wedges were removed during sea‐level lowstands and accumulated downslope as stacked lowstand wedges; this suggests that, under conditions of high‐amplitude sea‐level fluctuations, the stratigraphic record of similar cool‐water carbonates may be biased.     

中印度洋海岭Edmond热液区块状硫化物中自然金的发现及其意义

位于中印度洋中速扩张洋脊的Edmond热液区块状硫化物矿石样品主要分为以黄铁矿-黄铜矿为主的富Fe块状硫化物、热水沉积成因的富含硅质块状矿石和以硬石膏为主的硫酸盐矿石等3种不同类型.通过扫描电镜观察和X射线光电子能谱分析,在硫酸盐矿石和富Fe块状硫化物中首次发现了自然金,最大粒径可达20 μm左右,主要呈不规则粒状或板状与硬石膏、闪锌矿等硫化物颗粒紧密共生,少量以次显微金形式沉淀在自形黄铁矿晶体表面.电子探针分析结果显示,晚期形成于中低温条件下的贫Fe闪锌矿中Au富集程度普遍较高(平均含量约为6700×10-6);Ag主要以类质同象形式赋存于与闪锌矿、黄铜矿伴生的硫盐矿物中(5.0％～6.7％ Ag),这表明贵金属元素的富集成矿作用与海底热液活动晚期的中低温成矿阶段有关.推断Au在该研究区以高温、酸性和氯度较高为特征的热液流体中主要呈AuCl2-或AuHS0形式迁移.而海水与热液流体混合、喷口流体发生相分离以及传导冷却作用,被认为是导致Au有效沉淀的重要控制因素.     

岩浆与构造作用对洋壳厚度的影响——以西北印度洋为例

洋中脊及邻区洋盆的洋壳厚度能很好地反映区域岩浆补给特征,对于研究洋中脊内部及周缘岩浆活动和构造演化过程具有很好的指示意义.西北印度洋中脊作为典型的慢速扩张洋中脊,其扩张过程与周缘构造活动具有很强的时空关系.本文利用剩余地幔布格重力异常反演了西北印度洋洋壳厚度,由此分析区域内洋壳厚度分布和岩浆补给特征.研究发现,西北印度洋洋壳平均厚度为7.8 km,受区域构造背景影响厚度变化较大.根据洋壳厚度的统计学分布特征,将区域内洋壳分为三种类型:薄洋壳(小于4.5 km)、正常洋壳(4.5~6.5 km)和厚洋壳(大于6.5 km),根据西北印度洋中脊周缘(~40 Ma内)洋壳厚度变化特征可将洋中脊划分为5段,发现洋中脊洋壳厚度受区域构造活动和地幔温度所控制,其中薄洋壳主要受转换断层影响造成区域洋壳厚度减薄,而厚洋壳主要受地幔温度和地幔柱作用影响,并在S4洋中脊段显示出较强的热点与洋中脊相互作用,同时微陆块的裂解和漂移也可能是导致洋壳厚度差异的原因之一.     

Experimental study on weathering of seafloor volcanic glass by bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) – Implications for the contribution of bacteria to the water–rock reaction at the Mid-Oceanic Ridge setting

The biologically mediated weathering of the ocean crust has received increasing attention in recent decades, but the rates and the possible mechanism of elemental release during microbe–basalt interactions occurring below the seafloor have not been studied in detail. In this study, we established an experimental weathering study of seafloor natural basaltic glass comparing the effect of microbial activity (Pseudomonas fluorescens) in P-rich and P-poor media with parallel controls containing either nonviable cells or organic acid. The changes in the chemical parameters, including pH, bacterial densities, and ion concentrations (Ca, Mg, Si, Mn, Al, Fe, and P) in the solution, were examined during the different batch experiments. The results showed that the pH decreased from 7.0 to 3.5 and the bacterial density increased from 10⁵ to 10⁸ cells/ml during the first 120 h, and the cell numbers remained constant at 10⁸ cells/ml and the pH increased from 3.5 to 6 between 120 h and 864 h in the P-bearing reactors containing bacteria. In contrast, during all the experimental time, the pH remained close to neutral condition in the abiotic control systems and the dissolution rates increased markedly with a decrease in pH and became minimal at near-neutral pH in P-bearing reactors containing bacteria, where Ca, Si, and Mg release rates were 2- to 4-fold higher than those obtained in chemical systems and biotic P-limited systems. Furthermore, the surfaces of the natural volcanic glass from the biotic systems were colonized by bacteria. Simultaneously, the etch pits were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope, which further indicate that the bacteria may promote the mineral dissolution for energy gain. Some elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, and Al) releasing from natural volcanic glass are likely an important source of the elemental budget in the ocean, and thus the element release and its possible mechanism conducted in this experimental study have potential implications on the biogeochemical cycling process in the Mid-Oceanic Ridge setting.     

Geophysical signatures over and around the northern segment of the 85°E Ridge,Mahanadi offshore,Eastern Continental Margin of India: Tectonic implications

The nature and origin of the subsurface 85°E Ridge in the Bay of Bengal has remained enigmatic till date despite several theories proposed by earlier researchers. We reinterpreted the recently acquired high quality multichannel seismic reflection data over the northern segment of the ridge that traverses through the Mahanadi offshore, Eastern Continental Margin of India and mapped the ridge boundary and its northward continuity. The ridge is characterized by complex topography, multilayer composition, intrusive bodies and discrete nature of underlying crust. The ridge is associated with large amplitude negative magnetic and gravity anomalies. The negative gravity response across the ridge is probably due to emplacement of relatively low density material as well as ∼2–3 km flexure of the Moho. The observed broad shelf margin basin gravity anomaly in the northern Mahanadi offshore is due to the amalgamation of the 85°E Ridge material with that of continental and oceanic crust. The negative magnetic anomaly signature over the ridge indicates its evolution in the southern hemisphere when the Earth’s magnetic field was normally polarized. The presence of ∼5 s TWT thick sediments over the acoustic basement west of the ridge indicates that the underlying crust is relatively old, Early Cretaceous age.The present study indicates that the probable palaeo-location of Elan Bank is not between the Krishna–Godavari and Mahanadi offshores, but north of Mahanadi. Further, the study suggests that the northern segment of the 85°E Ridge may have emplaced along a pseudo fault during the Mid Cretaceous due to Kerguelen mantle plume activity. The shallow basement east of the ridge may have formed due to the later movement of the microcontinents Elan Bank and Southern Kerguelen Plateau along with the Antarctica plate.     

地理环境因子对肌酸激酶同工酶参考值的影响

研究目的旨在探讨三种常用的变量筛选回归方法对中国健康成年人肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）参考值在地理空间上的分布规律特征,应用于制定不同地区CK-MB参考值标准,为临床医学研究做出贡献。方法通过阅读大量文献搜集全国137个市县级单位共8697例健康成年人CK-MB参考值,并选择了地理位置、气候、土壤三大类共24项地理因子。使用相关分析方法检验CK-MB参考值和地理因子之间的显著性,提取到9项相关性地理因子。基于R语言评估模型多重共线性的严重程度,建立CK-MB参考值岭回归（Ridge）模型、拉索回归（Lasso）模型、主成分分析模型。对比得到最优预测模型,拟合全国2322个市县级单位健康成年人CK-MB预测参考值,再结合地统计分析,运用析取克里金法进行趋势分析,得到CK-MB预测参考值地理分布规律特征。结果表明全国2322个市县级单位的健康成年人CK-MB参考值具有空间自相关性,模型测试表明,主成分分析法具有更好的模拟和预测能力。研究表明健康成年人CK-MB参考值分别与纬度、年日照时数、年平均相对湿度、年降水量、气温年较差、年平均气温、表土石砾含量、表土（粘土）阳离子交换量、表土（粉土）阳离子交换量具有显著的相关性。由地理空间分布图显示,整体上呈北高南低,从东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐升高的趋势。通过搜集到的任一地区地理因子,结合主成分分析预测模型或已得的地理分布图可确定该地区健康人CK-MB参考值范围,为在临床诊断中考虑地域差异提供参考。     

自贡西山公园山脊场地地形和土层效应数值模拟

利用自贡地形影响强震动观测台阵在汶川地震中获得的强震动记录,以位于山脚下基岩上的台站为参考点,采用传统谱比法对场地放大效应进行了初步分析;同时用显式有限元-有限差分方法模拟了自贡西山公园山脊场地地形和土层的地震动效应,并进行了数值模拟结果与强震动观测结果的对比分析.结果表明:上覆土层对地震动的放大作用相对于地形变化的放大作用更为明显;地形对地震动水平分量的放大效应要明显于对竖直分量的放大效应;采用二维模型对上覆土层的模拟与观测结果较吻合,对于基岩介质部分的模拟在低频范围内也能反映山脊地形对地震动的影响.