矿井涌水量数值模拟研究——以锦东煤矿为例

矿井涌水量预测对煤矿安全开采具有重要的指导依据。本文将锦东煤矿作为研究对象,利用地下水数值模拟软件MODFLOW建立数值模型,并对其进行识别验证,在合理可靠的模型基础上,对未开采和开采两种方案进行预测,对矿井涌水量组成进行分析。计算结果表明,锦东煤矿开采条件下,矿井涌水量为6 130 m3/d,主要由第四系潜水蒸发量、各泉集河溢流损失量和地下水储存量三部分组成。     

全球1.5℃和2.0℃升温对中国小麦产量的影响研究

采用部门间影响模式比较计划（ISI-MIP）的气候模式,确定全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃出现的时间,并结合农业技术转移决策支持系统（DSSAT）模型模拟小麦的产量,最终选取4套数据对比研究中国小麦区温度和降水变化特征以及各区域小麦产量变化趋势,综合评价了不同升温情景对中国小麦产量的影响。结果表明：(1)在全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃背景下,我国小麦生育期内温度相对于工业革命前分别升高1.17℃和1.81℃。两种升温情景下我国春麦区升温幅度大于冬麦区升温幅度。春麦区中新疆春麦区升温幅度最大,西北春麦区升温幅度最小;冬麦区中温度变化最大和最小的麦区分别为西南冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区。(2)在全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃情景下,我国小麦生育期内降水相对于历史时段(1986—2005年)分别增加9.1%和11.3%。从各麦区来看,两种升温情景下春麦区降水增加幅度略大于冬麦区的增加幅度。所有麦区中只有新疆春麦区降水低于历史时段降水。春麦区降水增加幅度最大的麦区为北部春麦区。冬麦区中降水增加较大的麦区为北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区,降水增加较小的麦区为华南冬麦区和西南冬麦区。(3)两种升温情景下,我国小麦单产相对于历史时段(1986—2005年)平均减产分别为5.2%和4.6%,两种升温情景对中国小麦产量并没有显著的差异。在全球升温大背景下我国春小麦主要呈现增产趋势,冬小麦主要呈现减产趋势。减产幅度较大的麦区为华南冬麦区和青藏春麦区,增产幅度最大的麦区为西北春麦区。从各麦区产量减产面积比例上看,我国各麦区减产面积所占比例趋势为从北向南由多变少再变多,其中华南冬麦区减产面积所占比例最大,北部冬麦区最小。     

A modified method to estimate chain inverse catenary profile in clay based on chain equation and chain yield envelope

Offshore floating facilities are fixed by anchoring systems embedded in seabed soils through chains or ropes. The chain inverse catenary profile embedded in soils influences both the anchor failure mechanism and the anchor holding capacity. The chain mobilizes varying soil normal and tangential resistances during motion, hence it is with difficulty to depict the chain profile. The present work proposed a modified method to estimate the chain inverse catenary profile with high accuracy based on the chain equations and the chain yield envelope. A testing arrangement with three load cells and two MEMS (Micro-electromechanical systems) accelerometers included was designed in model tests. By model tests, the loading combinations of the soil tangential and normal resistances on the chain were obtained and the yield envelopes for both chain and rope were determined. In addition, supplemental model tests were performed to validate the modified method proposed in this study, and the testing results indicated that the estimated chain inverse catenary profile was in good agreement with the actual one. Moreover, the testing arrangement is beneficial in investigating the chain-soil-anchor interaction.     

Behavior of drag anchor in clay with linearly increasing shear strength under unidirectional and combined loading

Drag anchor is a widely used economical anchor option for offshore floating structures. The anchor behavior under unidirectional loading and combined loading is important for anchor selection. The anchor behavior under combined loading, characterized by the yield envelope, can also be used for the prediction of anchor installation, which is still an issue in anchor design. However, most existing studies on anchor capacity are for plate anchors which focused only on the anchor pullout capacity in soil with uniform shear strength. The behavior of drag anchor under unidirectional and combined loading in soil with linearly increasing shear strength profile is seldom investigated. The current 2D finite element studies investigate the anchor behavior for a horizontal anchor fluke in clay with linearly increasing shear strength under unidirectional vertical, horizontal and rotational loadings first. Then based on the results of anchor unidirectional loading behavior, the yield envelopes for anchor under combined loading for both shallow and deep embedded flukes are studied. The effect of anchor embedment depth, soil non- homogeneity, soil overburden pressure and the soil/anchor interface breakaway conditions are studied to provide insight for drag anchor design.     

A simple procedure to simulate a smooth elastic-plastic transition in Cam-Clay models

A simple procedure is proposed to simulate a smooth transition from elastic to elastoplastic behaviour in Cam-Clay models. The procedure consists of the definition of an external constitutive surface where full yield is assumed, and an internal one that allows the definition of the position in which plastic strains start to appear before the external yield surface is reached. The comparison of the model results with different laboratory tests shows the validity of the procedure. The method considers one additional parameter with regard to a “standard” critical state model, and it can easily be implemented in existing integration modules.     

Seismic stability analysis of gravity retaining walls

A new approach based on the category of upper bound theorem of limit analysis is presented in this study to consider the seismic stability of gravity retaining walls. The retaining wall and the backfill soil were taken as a whole system. For a translational failure mechanism assumed, formulas are provided to calculate directly the yield acceleration and the inclination of the failure surface. An example is shown to illustrate the method. Comparisons are made with limit equilibrium method, and the results are found consistent. Based on a limited parametric study, it is shown that the wall roughness has remarkable influence on the yield acceleration.     

强度折减有限元在堤防稳定分析中的应用研究

采用强度折减有限元法,研究非均值堤防塑性区的开展特征和失稳破坏过程,并根据堤防应力场分布和临界滑动面的形成来分析堤岸整体失稳破坏的机理.结果表明:把强度折减有限元应用到非均质土层的堤防边坡稳定分析,在理论上、数值模拟实现上都是可行的;有限元静力平衡和位移计算不收敛作为堤防边坡整体失稳的标志,同时考察滑移面上某些特征点的...     

2022年春季冰雹灾害对贵州西部红心猕猴桃的影响分析

2022年4月下旬至5月上旬,贵州西部共发生了6次冰雹天气过程,有4次冰雹灾害天气严重影响贵州西部红心猕猴桃生产,其主要是发生在4月22日、5月6日、5月8日、5月9日的冰雹天气过程。为了探明2022年4月下旬至5月上旬4次冰雹天气过程对红心猕猴桃果实的影响,通过6次冰雹天气过程影响区的调查,获取冰雹特征数据和红心猕猴桃在4次冰雹灾害过程中的受灾情况,分析诱发冰雹天气发生的大气环流特征,并采用相关统计方法对4次冰雹灾害对红心猕猴桃造成的损失进行评估。结果表明：6次冰雹天气过程中,冰雹最大直径达20mm,但最大直径大多在10mm以下,其中水城区的冰雹最大直径较其他地区大,遭遇冰雹天气次数也最多。影响红心猕猴桃生产的4次冰雹天气过程的天气背景具有贵阳站的CAPE均远远大于威宁站、中低层相对湿度均在90%以上、中高层相对湿度均在80%左右的共同特点。4月22日、5月6日和5月9日冰雹天气发生前,500hPa均有浅槽、700hPa均有低涡切变线入侵贵州西部;5月8日冰雹天气发生前,500hPa和700hPa贵州西部均处于西太副高外围。4次冰雹灾害造成红心猕猴桃885.4hm²绝收,占其基地种植面积的9.04%;因冰雹灾害造成产量损失约1.33万t,直接经济损失19921.5万元。     

农业干旱综合应变防御技术研究

针对华北地区农业生产水平和农业干旱特点 ,于 1 996～ 1 998年进行了农业干旱监测预测、秸秆覆盖、底墒科学利用、有限水胁迫效应、深松、多功能防旱剂和有限灌溉等单项农业干旱防御技术试验研究 .在它们的防旱机理、功能和操作技术方面取得了较好的效果 .在此基础上 ,在干旱严重的 1 998～ 1 999年冬小麦生育期内 ,在河南郑州郊区、山东泰安郊区和河北固城 ,根据各地条件因地制宜地对上述技术进行组装配套集成示范试验 .结果表明 ,综合应用这些技术具有较显著的抗旱增产效能 ,小麦增产 1 0 .1 %～ 36.0 % ,耗水量减少 1 .0 %～ 1 9.0 % ,水分利用效率提高 1 0 .6%～ 60 .0 % .