Recent progress of glaciological studies in China

1IntroductionIn the early 1960s, glaciers in western China were classified into maritime- and continental-types by different glacial environment and physical characteristics (Shi and Xie, 1964). With extensive glaciological investigations in the western regions (Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology of CAS, 1988), Lai and Huang (1990) suggested a new classification of temperate, subpolar and quasipolar glaciers, corresponding to the maritime-, subcontinental- and extremely contin…     

Coastline configuration and geomorphologic development mode of arc-shaped coast in South China

1IntroductionArc-shaped bays are quite common on exposed sediment coast in South China, where the crenulate-bay beaches occur with the presence of two consecutive headlands and a predominant wave approach oblique to the alignment of the upcoast and downcoast headlands (Yasso, 1965). Oblique persistent swell striking a shoreline transports sediment alongshore and sculptures a coast into arc-shaped beaches. The shoreline of beach appearance mainly consists of straight segment and shadow segment…     

中国公路自然区划的回顾与展望

1IntroductionHighway, as a kind of man-made structure, will become a part of the geographical environment and be impacted by all sorts of natural factors after it is finished. On the other hand, highway also brings some changes to the geographical environment. A highway often passes through different natural regions, so it must be adaptable to any geographical environments. On the basis of deep understanding of the geographical environment, service life and normal level of the highway can be e…     

Local Modeling模式及其在月径流预测中的应用

Local Modeling方法是一种动力系统预测方法，将其应用于河西内陆区黑河干流出山口莺落峡水文站月平均流量的中长期预测预报，取得了较为理想的成果。预测试验的结果表明，该预测模型有较高计算精度，尤其适用于非主汛期各月的月平均流量的预测；对于主汛期6～9月的月平均流量的预测，在考虑前期来水与预见期内降水的影响后，亦可获到较为理想的预测结果。可以认为，该方法的预报精度达到了水文情报预报规范的要求，Local Modeling方法的应用，将为西北干旱地区河川径流的中长期预报提供了一个新的途径。     

中国西部干旱区生态环境演变过程

根据湖沼沉积、黄土沉积和冰积等地质记录，运用地理信息系统、遥感、生态景观学等方法．从万年、千年和百年及百年以下四个时间尺度对中国西部干旱区生态环境演变过程进行研究。结果表明，全新世以来，中国西部干旱区的气候变化经历了多次的相对暖干和相对冷湿交替变化，变化历程较为复杂。早全新世、中全新世、晚全新世气候特点因地因时而异，但总体特征以干旱化为主，280～350a来，降水量有明显的减少趋势，并表现出显著的周期性。但在近半个世纪以来，中国天山地区的气候变化特征表现为气温升高，降水量增加。总的来说，从20世纪80年代以来，新疆的气候趋于好转，植被覆盖状况改善明显，山地森林、草甸、人工绿洲的面积均呈增加趋势。研究结果还表明，在一定尺度的气候背景条件下，地表的植被覆盖对调节绿洲区域气候有着积极的作用，可增加局部地区的降水。     

20世纪中国气候变化研究

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century,climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C.More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China,North China and Northeast China,and the warming in winter is most significant.Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century,regional differences are very distinct.In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,precipitation increased,while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased.Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO,PDO,and the others,but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions,and land use.The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China's climate change and its main causes,since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.     

中国国家公园与世界遗产地保护——挑战与战略

About 70% of its land area as mountains and plateaus,China is the largest mountain countryin the world.Thanks to its vast territory (9.6 million km2),outstanding relief and varied climates,China boasts extremely plenty of ecosystems and landscapes.From south to north,it traverses almostall the temporal zones from tropical rainforest in the southernmost to frigid-temperate needle-leavedforest in the northernmost; from east to west,it sees a gradual transition fro humid forest landscape toextremely arid desert landscape; vertical change of landscapes is most striking owing to the existenceof many high mountains (above 6000-7000 m,e.g.,the Himalayas,the Kunlun,the Tianshan,theHengduan,etc.) and plateaus,especially the immense Tibetan Plateau (averagely 4500 m above sealevel).All of this give rise to the richness and diversity of ecosystems and landscape in China.Some ofthe ecosystems are endemic to China,e.g.,alpine desert and alpine steppe in the Tibetan Plateau.As aresult,China bears a great responsibility in the protection of global ecosystems and landscape.     

用GPS秒信号锁定高频振荡器的方法研究

对用远距离传输的GPS秒信号锁定本地高频晶体振荡器的方法进行了探讨。介绍了高精度的时间数字转换器TDC(Time to Digital Converter)和对滤波的方法进行了探讨。为了降低成本又能够满足设计要求的精度，还考虑了双D／A转换的方法。有关的硬件系统已经通过了调试和一系列的测试和实验，在测量和控制精度方面，能达到设计的要求。此外，提出了这个系统有待解决的问题，如双D／A转换的非线性问题，Kalman滤波抗野值及继续提高精度的问题。     

中国兴凯湖北岸平原晚全新世花粉记录及泥炭沼泽形成

通过兴凯湖北岸平原泥炭剖面高分辩率花粉分析研究，对晚全新世花粉划分4个组合带。XKH-4组合时期(1857～1746aB．P．)为沼泽发育前期，这一时期花粉浓度小，陆生草本植物占优势，气候干冷。XKH-3组合时期(1746～1287aB．P．)为沼泽发育早期，这一时期花粉浓度较大，且水生植物花粉含量为剖面最高，喜温落叶阔叶植物大发展时期，气候温和湿润。XKH-2组合时期(1287～602aB．P．)为沼泽发育中期，这一时期花粉浓度最小，但以陆生草本植物为主，木本植物为辅，水生植物急剧减少，针叶植物出现两次高峰，气候向冷干方向发展。XKH-1组合时期(602aB．P．至今)为沼泽发育盛期，这一时期花粉浓度最大，陆生草本植物大发展时期，气候波动较大。