One-Dimensional Hydraulic Analysis of the Effect of Sea Level Rise on Salinity Intrusion in the Sebou Estuary,Morocco

Global climate change has resulted in a gradual sea-level rise. Sea-level rise can cause saline water to migrate upstream in estuaries and rivers, thereby threatening freshwater habitat and drinking water supplies. On the other hand, sea-level rise, resulting from thermal expansion of ocean waters and increased melting of glaciers and ice caps, is one of the most apparent and widespread consequences of climate change. This phenomenon has been taken into account in all the Assessment Reports published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In this paper, salinity intrusion and intrusion length due to possible sea-level rise in the Sebou estuary (Morocco) was investigated. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic-salinity transport model was used for the simulation of the salinity intrusion and associated water quality, with observed field data being used for model calibration and validation. Additionally, the model validation process showed that the model results fit the observed data fairly well. A coupled gas-cycle/climate model was used to generate the climate change scenarios in the studied area that showed sea-level rises varying from 0.3 to 0.9 m for 2100. The models were then combined to assess the impact of future sea-level rise on the salinity distribution and intrusion length in the Sebou estuary. The response of salt intrusion length to changes in important dimensional parameters are presented, showing that the salinity intrusion length is inversely correlated with the river discharge, i.e., a high river discharge results in a reduced salt intrusion and vice versa, and directly with the sea-level rise. Additionally, the magnitude and frequency of the salinity standard violations at the two pump stations were predicted for 2100, showing that the salinity violations under climate change effects can increase to ～45–48% of the times at these locations. Finally, the main objective of this simulation method is to accelerate and facilitate of systems' behavior learning in the current and future situation.     

台湾周遭之地下水入海

A preliminary study shows that the submarine groundwater discharge(SGD) exists around Taiwan even though groundwater overdrawing on the island is serious. Fifteen of the 20 sites studied for major anions and cations recorded a clear SGD signal with freshwater outflow. A total of 278 salinity and major ion measurements were made. Sixteen nearly freshwater SGD(salinity≤1.0) samples were obtained, providing strong and direct evidence for the existence of fresh meteoric groundwater entering the ocean from Taiwan. The total SGD flux is estimated to be 1.07×1010 t/a which is about 14% of the annual river output. The freshwater component of the SGD is3.85×109 t which is about 5.2% of the annual river discharge in Taiwan. The collected SGD has a composition similar to seawater with an addition of Ca, CO_3 and HCO_3 due to dissolution of calcareous rocks. Some samples with high Cl/(Na+K) may indicate pollution.     

莱州湾南岸海水入侵变化趋势及成因分析

为了探讨滨海经济快速发展形势下莱州湾南岸海水入侵范围变化及其控制因素,利用2011—2015年4月份(枯水期)莱州湾南岸地下水潜水层TDS(可溶性固体总量)、Cl–质量浓度连续监测数据,结合历史资料,分析莱州湾南岸海水入侵分布特征。结果表明,近5年来研究区地下水Cl–质量浓度均值为13.4 g/L,呈由岸向内陆快速减小趋势;研究区海水入侵呈带状分布,2015年入侵线向内陆伸入超过45 km,入侵范围较1980年向陆扩张约11~30 km。通过对比分析得出,研究区年均降雨量、地下水位埋深及地下水超采面积与海水入侵面积呈显著线性相关,发现持续干旱气候、地下淡水超采是导致海水入侵扩张的主要因素,卤水开发、海水养殖及莱州湾沿岸河流拦蓄工程进一步导致海水入侵的加剧。     

我国典型海岛主要地质灾害类型及防治措施

文章通过对82个海岛地质灾害普查资料分析,总结了我国典型海岛的主要地质灾害类型和分布特征。我国海岛主要存在滑坡、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、湿地退化、水土流失、沙滩泥化等多种地质灾害类型,其中以滑坡、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵和滨海湿地退化最为典型,分布较广。针对海岛主要地质灾害提出了滑坡崩塌、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、滨海湿地退化等具体的防治措施,这样有利于海岛资源和环境的保护,也可为海岛防灾减灾提供理论支持。     

Circular plumes in Lake Pontchartrain estuary under wind straining

Circular shaped density plumes of low turbidity, low fecal indicator (Escherichia coli and enterococci) concentrations, and high salinity have been observed near the Industrial Canal in Lake Pontchartrain, north of the City of New Orleans. A conceptual model in polar coordinates and a numerical model are developed, together with data analysis, to illustrate the dense plume. It is demonstrated that the northward expansion of the plume occurs under northerly winds. The northward expansion of the plume occurs under northerly winds that drive downwind flow at the surface and upwind radial flow at the bottom. Northerly wind-induced straining, similar to tidal straining, promotes vertical stratification. As a result, the water becomes stratified near a thin bottom layer (<1 m), within which density currents are facilitated. The stability of the stratified plume suppresses wind-induced turbulent mixing inside the plume. The bottom water outside of the plume is more effectively stirred by the wind, the result being that the suspended sediment concentration outside of the plume area is much higher than inside. This contrast in mixing makes the plume visible from the surface by satellites even though the stratification is at the bottom. Laterally, wind stress produces a torque (vorticity) in areas of non-uniform depth such that upwind flow is developed in deep water and downwind flow in shallow water. The continuity requirement produces an upwind flow along the axis of the Industrial Canal (IC). The upwind flow is balanced by the downwind flow over the shallower peripheral areas along the coast.     

长江口盐水入侵自动化监测系统

根据盐水入侵路径,在长江口附近海域建立9个自动化监测站,对表层盐度、水温实施实时、连续的自动化监测。长江口盐水入侵自动监测系统的建成,可在远端获取实时数据,为上海水源地取水提供服务,有效地防止和减少盐水入侵灾害造成损失。     

中国江南—华南地区一次强飑线天气过程位涡诊断分析

应用FY-4A卫星红外和水汽云图资料,结合NCEP分析场资料以及地面自动气象站变压、变温、大风及降水资料,计算等熵面位涡,分析2018年3月4日中国江南—华南地区强飑线过程的发生发展机制及持续性大风产生的主要原因。结果表明：对流单体触发于低层辐合系统,由于雷暴下沉气流与其前方的低层暖湿西南气流形成地面辐合线,并且移入地区的水汽、静力不稳定及垂直风切变条件对强对流风暴的发展均十分有利,使得导致极端对流大风的强对流风暴持续发展。极端大风主要分布在飑线中弓形结构的顶端,落区与亮温梯度和变压梯度相对应,导致变压风增大;飑线的移动与引导气流方向一致,系统走向和低层西南急流接近于垂直,系统移速加快,动量下传效应增强,均是导致极端地面大风的成因。位涡分布表明高位涡的侵入和呈弓形分布的低位涡区的形成具有一定关联,干侵入区与等熵面上高位涡区有着较好的对应,飑线后部的暗区正是干侵入的前沿,高层高位涡的下传是飑线系统持续发展的成因。     

Salt-wedge propagation in a Mediterranean micro-tidal river mouth

The dynamics of a seasonally formed salt-wedge propagating along the micro-tidal channel of Strymon River estuary, Northern Greece, and its consequences on river water quality, are thoroughly studied through intensive sampling campaigns. The wedge is developed at the downstream river part, under the summer limited freshwater discharge conditions (Q < 30 m³/s). The geometric features of the wedge (length and thickness) appeared directly related to Strymon River discharge. A maximum intrusion length of 4.7 km along Strymon River estuary was observed under minimum river discharge of almost 6 m³/s. Relations produced from in situ data illustrate that limited river flow expands the wedge horizontally, reducing its vertical dimension, while higher flows lead to increased wedge thickness. Estuarine flushing time ranges between 0.2 and 1.5 days, exponentially dependent on Strymon River discharge. Wedge velocities depicted tidal asymmetry between tidal phases, with consistent inward motion, even under the ebb tidal stage. Strong vertical stratification prevails throughout the tidal cycle, proving the limited vertical mixing between the two layers, although higher interfacial stresses are produced in ebb. Bottom topography plays an interesting role in wedge propagation, as the presence of an underwater sill either prevents saline intrusion during flood or isolates the front of the wedge from its core at the ebb. Ecological consequences of salt-wedge propagation in Strymon River estuary are the frequent evidence of bottom hypoxic conditions and the increased TSS levels, leading to the occurrence of a turbidity maximum at the tip of the salt-wedge. Higher BOD and ammonium levels were mostly observed at the river end, associated to point and non-point pollution sources. Nitrates and silicates were found associated with freshwater fluxes, while ammonia levels were related to saline intrusions. The reduced phosphorus freshwater fluxes, resulting from phosphorus uptake at the upstream reservoir (Kerkini Lake) and the increased bottom turbidity induced by the salt-wedge seem responsible for the limited chlorophyll-a levels along Strymon River estuary.     

山东省博兴县浅层咸水入侵研究

地下水资源是人类重要的自然资源,地下水资源的多少严重影响着当地居民的生活、生产和工农业发展。随着经济的发展,地下淡水资源逐渐减少,而咸水入侵的发生使得本来就稀缺的地下淡水变得更加紧张,严重影响了当地生态环境的良性循环和持续发展。该文以20世纪80年代咸淡水分界线为背景,通过取样分析获得博兴县浅层地下水现状年的咸水入侵锋面在利王—辛张—寨高—鲁崔一线;截至2017年的入侵面积为18.45km~2;最大入侵距离为2.15km;最大入侵速率为0.06m/a。经过资料分析,目前博兴县浅层咸水入侵处于稳定状态。该研究对博兴县南部咸水入侵的现状和发展趋势更加深入,为当地的浅层地下水资源的开采和管理提供了科学依据。     

广东省1991～2005年5种主要海洋灾害概况

广东省近15年因风暴潮、海浪、赤潮、溢油、海水入侵等海洋灾害造成直接经济损失约438.9亿元人民币,死亡、失踪577人。其中风暴潮灾害最为严重,年直接经济损失超过20亿元的海洋灾害是由台风风暴潮引起的;灾情的地域差异是粤西较重,粤东次之,珠江口较轻。2001~2005年与1991~2005年相比,近5年海洋灾害的年均直接经济损失和死亡、失踪人数减少。但2006年又是海洋灾害重灾年。