晋冀蒙高级区两期高压麻粒岩的地质特征及成因

晋冀蒙高级区存在两期高压麻粒岩,其分布、产状、时代、成因都不同。早期高压麻粒岩,沿宣化西葛峪、大东沟、怀安蔓菁沟南部、恒山白蟒石一带分布,呈透镜状产于钾长花岗岩中,形成时代约2400Ma,属岩浆包体。晚期高压麻粒岩,沿孔兹岩系和麻粒岩杂岩的接触带分布,呈透镜状、岩脉状产出,并和孔兹岩岩片、高温韧性剪切带、超基性岩一同构成具有“混杂岩”性质的构造-岩浆杂岩带,其时代为1800Ma左右。     

Groundwater in a coral island

 Freshwater aquifers in small coral islands usually occur as thin lenses which are significantly influenced by stresses such as groundwater pumping, sea tides, etc. Kavaratti, a coral island, is one of the 36 such islands in the Arabian Sea off the western coast of India. Detailed hydrogeological investigations were carried out to determine the quantity of freshwater that could be pumped in addition to the present usage. Salinity of groundwater must remain within permissible limits and a 2-D solute mass transport model with a vertical section of the island was constructed by the computer code SUTRA. The model was calibrated by obtaining a match of computed and observed values of the water table, tidal efficiency, and salinity of groundwater at the water table. The model analysis showed that the salinity of groundwater continues to increase unless groundwater pumping is kept below a certain rate. Groundwater potential can be augmented by reducing the subsurface outflow to the sea and by raising the water table by a subsurface dam. Received: 8 September 1997 · Accepted: 27 April 1998     

“080527”湖北老河口短历时暴雨的中尺度天气成因分析

以2008年5月27日发生在湖北老河口的短历时暴雨为例,利用NCEP客观再分析资料,开展中尺度天气系统诊断分析。结果表明：干线、500 hPa冷温度槽、冷切尾部辐合区、中低层湿区及地面风场辐合线等中尺度天气系统的活动与暴雨发生、发展密切相关。干空气自北向南、自上而下侵入湿区,具有典型的湖北干侵入暴雨特征。干侵入使干冷空气与暖湿空气汇合上升,同时激发冷切尾部辐合区中的正涡度柱沿假相当位温锋区向上发展,配合地面中尺度辐合线,增强对流上升运动。500 hPa冷温度槽活动及干侵入造成垂直方向上对流不稳定,冷式切变线尾部由于冷暖平流、干湿平流交汇构成水平方向不稳定区,不稳定区受露点锋生扰动,从而触发强对流天气。中低层深厚湿区的维持和水汽辐合为老河口中尺度暴雨提供了水汽来源。     

硅酸钾对遗址土的渗透加固机制及改进特性研究

即一定模数硅酸钾溶液,是保护加固土遗址的一种无机化学材料。通过近20年的实践证明,PS材料具有增强遗址土体强度和抵抗外界环境破坏的作用。但PS渗透加固遗址土的微观机制以及加固后遗址土宏观特性的改变如何,并没有取得显著的突破和统一的认识。利用3%体积浓度的PS溶液渗透加固室内击实制备的良渚遗址土试样,渗透初始含水率为13%、17%、19%、21%和25%,并对加固前、后试样进行非饱和直剪、压汞和扫描电镜试验,旨在解决上述两个问题。基于压汞试验得到的双峰孔隙分布模型,提出了PS渗透加固遗址土的两种微观加固机制,并通过扫描电镜试验结果验证了加固机制,同时提出了用于表征两种加固机制指标参数P1和P2。通过研究发现,加固指标P1和P2能够较好地描述在不同含水率下经PS加固试样的相关改进特性如土-水特征曲线和剪切特性的变化规律。研究成果为PS的进一步应用和加固保护土遗址研究提供了新的方法和手段。     

不同时期水库地震活动主要影响因素讨论以三峡库区微震活动为例

结合微震活动的流体作用强度检测及孔隙压扩散模拟,讨论了三峡库区不同时期微震活动的主要影响因素。以2008年9月蓄水季为界划分前、后期,前期流体渗透导致的孔隙压力增加,使裂隙或断层面强度降低,是库区微震活动的主要影响因素,这一时期微震频次及ETAS模型参数μ值有起伏地缓慢增大,与库水位加卸载过程关系不明显; 后期由于流体渗透引起的孔隙压力变化趋于零,在新的流体平衡条件下,库水位加卸载过程所导致的裂隙或断层面上的应力变化,成为库区微震活动的主要影响因素,这一时期微震频次及μ值显示出与水位变化明显的关联特征。库区小震震源深度的时间变化支持上述观点。在此基础上,进一步讨论了水库“诱发”和水库“触发”地震的力学差异,认为前者主要缘于流体渗透导致的裂隙或断层面强度的“主动”降低,后者则主要与库水加卸载所导致的裂隙或断层面上应力增强有关。进一步推论认为,流体对小地震“诱发”、“触发”皆可能发生,但中强地震缘于流体“诱发”的可能性非常小,对水库区发生的中强地震,流体仅可能对处于临界状态的断层系统起到“触发”作用。     

Optimal Groundwater Development in Coastal Aquifers Near Beihai, China

INTRODUCTIONThe city of Beihai,located on the south coast ofGuangxi,China,relies heavily on groundwater for its potablewater supply and agricultural irrigation.With rapid increasein population (for instance,from 134 0 0 0 in 1987to 47930 0in1995 ) and in developm ent program s,the demand for freshwater has been growing. Approxim ately 170 0 0 0 m3/ d ofgroundwater has been pumped from the productive coastalaquifers in recent years.Contamination of the fresh water inthe coastal aquifers b…     

Ground deformation in a viscoelastic medium composed of a layer overlying a half-space: a comparison between point and extended sources

We obtain and compare analytical and numerical solutions for ground displacement caused by an overpressurized magma chamber placed in a linear viscoelastic medium composed of a layer over a half-space. Different parameters such as size, depth and shape of the chamber, crustal rheology and topography are considered and discussed. Numerical solutions for an axisymmetric extended source are computed using a finite element method (FEM). Analytical solutions for a point source are obtained using the dislocation theory and the propagator matrix technique. In both cases, the elastic solutions are used together with the correspondence principle of linear viscoelasticity to obtain the solution in the Laplace transform domain. Viscoelastic solutions in the time domain are derived inverting the Laplace transform using the Prony series method. The differences between the results allow us to constrain the applicability of the point source and the flat surface hypothesis, which are usually implicitly assumed when analytical solutions are derived. The effect of the topography is also considered. The results obtained show that neglecting the topographic effects may, in some cases, introduce an error greater than that implicit in the point-source hypothesis. Therefore, for an adequate modelling and interpretation of the time-dependent displacements, topography must be considered.     

基于压汞法的冻融循环对土体孔隙特征影响的试验研究

冻融循环会改变土的微观结构, 孔隙特征的变化是其结构性发生改变的重要体现. 以青藏铁路沿线粉质黏土为研究对象, 借助压汞技术对不同冻融次数下重塑土样的孔隙特征进行了研究. 结果表明:土体孔隙特征分布曲线表现出明显的双峰特征, 据此可将土样的孔隙分为大孔和小孔两大类; 冻融循环次数对小孔隙的影响较小, 小孔隙直径和体积基本保持不变; 冻融循环次数对大孔隙的影响较大, 特别是孔径为20～40 μm的孔隙, 其直径和体积均随冻融次数的增加而增大. 试样的孔隙率随冻融次数的增加并无明显规律, 但总体的变化趋势是先增大后减小. 由孔隙分形维数计算结果可知, 冻融循环在改变土体孔隙结构的同时, 使孔隙内壁的粗糙程度及孔隙结构的复杂程度降低.     

特枯水文年长江口南槽盐水入侵分析

2006年6月至2007年5月长江入海径流量较多年平均减少1/3,为特枯水文年.根据长江口南槽江亚北水道实测盐度等资料,分析了该特枯水文年的盐水入侵状况.结果显示:研究区该时间段几乎均为盐水所占据,96.6% 的天数处于盐水入侵状态;与常年相比,盐度具有年变幅大、洪枯季差异小、高盐月份多的特点.研究表明:盐水入侵主要受径、潮流控制,多发生在小径流量-大潮期;大通径流量 30 000 m3/s 是盐水入侵与否的阈值.     

滨海潜水含水层稳定流模型及其应用

滨海潜水含水层是滨海地区开采淡水的重要目的层。但由滨海潜水含水层的性质所决定,它极易因抽水过量而遭受海水入侵。本文利用滨海含水层中的稳定流模型,确定了崂山县女姑山水源地旱季和雨季的海水入侵长度,由此预测了现有水源地存在的潜在危险性。并针对实际情况提出了应采取的措施。