The 17 February 2006 Guinsaugon rock slide-debris avalanche,Southern Leyte,Philippines: deposit characteristics and failure mechanism

Airblasts, as one common phenomenon accompanied by rapid movements of landslides or rock/snow avalanches, commonly result in catastrophic damages and are attracting more and more scientific attention. To quantitatively analyze the intensity of airblast initiated by landslides, the Wangjiayan landslide, occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake, is selected here with the landslide propagation and airblast evolution being studied using FLUENT by introducing the Voellmy rheological law. The results reveal that: (1) For the Wangjiayan landslide, its whole travelling duration is only 12 s with its maximum velocity reaching 36 m/s at t=10 s; (2) corresponding to the landslide propagation, the maximum velocity, 28 m/s, of the airblast initiated by the landslide also appears at t=10 s with its maximum pressure reaching 594.8 Pa, which is equivalent to violent storm; (3) under the attack of airblast, the load suffered by buildings in the airblast zone increases to 1300 Pa at t=9.4 s and sharply decreased to ‒7000 Pa as the rapid decrease of the velocity of the sliding mass at t=10 s, which is seriously unfavorable for buildings and might be the key reason for the destructive collapse of buildings in the airblast zone of the Wangjiayan landslide.     

汶川8.0级地震前典型流体中期前兆异常的初步研究

汶川8.0级大震流体前兆异常的提取, 采用了严格的定性与定量相结合的方法。 运用"同一化"思路和从属函数等判定方法, 处理川滇等地区的水位、 水氡观测资料。 介绍了5个典型的流体前兆异常实例, 并对其特征进行归纳。 初步研究结果表明, 汶川地震的流体趋势前兆异常变化是明显的, 这些异常的一个显著特点是, 其变化特征与与我国其他强震前的异常相似。     

汶川8.0级地震及其强余震引起的唐山井水位同震响应特征分析

统计了汶川8.0级地震及其强余震引起的唐山井水位同震变化的幅度参数（最大振幅、阶变量）和时间参数（最大振幅时刻,同震持续时间）,以及邻近的陡河台记录的地震波的体波和面波的到时．计算分析了同震参数与震级（ML,MS和MW三种震级）、井-震距、震源深度的相关方程及同震参数间的相关关系．结果表明,同震变化量与MS震级的相关性最好,与震源深度和井-震距相关性较弱;同震最大幅度与同震阶变量、同震持续时间相关性很高,水位同震振荡和阶变均来自地震波引起的动应变;水位同震振荡的最大振幅发生在S波至瑞利波时段,水位同震响应是地震波与水文地质环境等多种因素共同作用的结果．      

地磁转换函数与汶川大地震关系的初步研究

地磁场转换函数在强震前会发生变化,这已被广泛公认。利用汶川周围9个“十五”建设的地磁台站分钟值数字记录数据,分析和研究了汶川地震前的地磁转换函数变化特征,结果表明：汶川地震的发生与周边台站地磁转换函数异常的关系是明显的,地磁短周期转换函数方法是一种物理意义明确、并有一定预报效能的好方法。     

自然电场法勘测地下水流向的极差校正

总结了在实际工作中运用自然电场法中"8"字形观测法测量地下水流向时,对常规误差进行修正的经验,讨论了初始极差的产生因素、影响程度和处理方法,对后期资料处理中的补偿方法进行了探讨.     

基于GPS观测的汶川地震参数反演与库仑应力变化分析

利用汶川MS8.0地震前后的GPS观测资料,借助Okada矩形位错模型反演汶川地震参数,进而应用反演所得地震参数,计算地震在其周围GPS资料负位错反演所得震前应变积累断层段上可能造成的库仑破裂静应力变化,分析地震对其周围构造断裂应变积累的影响。结果表明,汶川震区呈显著逆冲兼右旋走滑同震变化,对甘川交界东段—甘川陕交界区、鲜水河断裂南段与安宁河断裂北端应变积累有一定程度影响,可能以增强作用为主。     

地震辐射能量测定方法研究及其在汶川8.0级地震中的应用

地震辐射能量是关于震源定量的特征量,地震辐射能量的测定是地震定量化研究中一个重要的基本问题.本文基于点源震源模型,开展了地震辐射能量测定方法的研究,推导了计算地震辐射能量的理论公式,自主研发了一套利用远场垂直向P波记录测定地震辐射能量的软件系统,能够快速测定全球范围内5.5级以上浅源地震的地震辐射能量.以2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震为例,检验了地震辐射能量测定方法和软件系统的科学性和准确性,研究结果表明：（1）汶川地震的地震辐射能量为2.84×10¹⁶J,各台站地震辐射能量的分布与震中距和方位角都没有明显的依赖关系,说明使用理论格林函数法消除路径效应对地震辐射能量测定的约束效果较好;（2）汶川地震的能量震级M_e为8.04,震源机制校正可以使能量震级测定结果的标准差更小,结果更稳定;（3）反演得到汶川地震的地震矩为8.97×10²⁰N·m,转化为矩震级M_W为7.9,M_e比M_W高0.14,说明汶川地震的地震辐射能量偏高.（4）汶川地震的能矩比为3.17×10^-5,约为全球浅源地震平均能矩比的2.6倍,约为全球逆冲型地震平均能矩比的4倍,地震辐射能量释放效率明显偏高;能矩比取对数可得慢度系数为-4.50,慢度系数可以更直观地显示地震辐射能量释放效率的高低,更适合在普通群众中推广.（5）地震辐射能量、能量震级、能矩比、慢度系数和等效震级差这些新的地震参数,能够定量表示震源的动态特性,对于地震灾害快速评估具有重要意义.

     

中心回线TEM勘探中的野外试验要点

电磁勘探施工前的野外试验,对完成地质任务、评估解释结果具有重要意义。使用V8多功能电法测量系统,以王家岭煤田水文地质勘探为例,首先利用地层电性参数,给出了达到预定勘探深度需要的观测时间估算方法;再根据测区噪声电平,决定发射回线边长和电流;波形检测后,经孔旁地质效果试验确认观测时间。信噪比,一致性、稳定性经过试验符合探测精度的要求。     

基于Landsat8与GEOEYE-1数据融合的天山北坡县域蒸散量计算——以呼图壁县为例

基于Landsat 8与GEOEYE-1遥感数据,使用多尺度遥感方法,以新疆呼图壁县为例,利用SEBS模型计算天山北坡县域蒸散量,服务小流域和县域为管理单元的最严格水资源管理。针对军塘湖河流域耕地、呼图壁河流域耕地和北部荒漠-绿洲过渡带,应用2 m分辨率GEOEYE-1影像计算得NDVI和基于NDVI-T_R法模拟的地表温度。将获得的地表温度和NDVI作为SEBS模型的重要参数计算地表蒸散量,采用自制小型蒸渗仪观测数据对估算结果进行评估。结果表明:在使用中分辨率影像Landsat 8估算地表蒸散量过程中加入GEOEYE-1反演的个别参数,大部分估算结果更加接近自制微型蒸渗仪测定值,估算绝对误差最大值出现在裸地,为28.5%,远低于使用Landsat 8影像的54.8%,说明高分影像的参与有助于提高模型估算效率。     

Magmatic evolution of the Løkken SSZ Ophiolite,Norwegian Caledonides: Relationships between anomalous lavas and high-level intrusions

The Lower Ordovician Løkken ophiolite fragment shows a tripartite subdivision of its thick volcanic sequence into: (1) an Upper Volcanic Member (UVM) of transitional MORB/IAT character, comprising basalts or, in a related, thrust-bounded sequence, a bimodal basalt-rhyolite assemblage; (2) a Middle Volcanic Member (MVM) derived from widely variable, generally MORB-related magmas; and (3) a Lower Volcanic Member (LVM) of N-type MORB basalts which locally passes into an underlying sheeted dyke complex. The UVM and LVM were fed from relatively deep-seated magma chambers, and lavas were erupted at moderate flow rates to form predominantly pillow lavas. The whole sequence is interpreted as having formed in a marginal basin setting. The MVM is characterized by abundant voluminous sheet basalts thought to have been erupted at high flow rates. The volcanites had their source, through extensive dyke swarms, in high-level magmas which intruded the sheeted dyke complex and parts of the LVM, possibly in a near-axial seamount setting. The magmas differentiated to form plagiogranitic melts, with a wide range of conjunctive, mafic to intermediate cumulates. This plutonic assemblage, possibly in crystal mush form, was subsequently intruded by new, mafic magma, leading partly to large-scale remelting or assimilation of cumulus phases. These processes are reflected in the MVM by common hybrid flows, as well as local intermediate lavas having the geochemical characteristics of cumulates, erupted during a period of intense faulting. Major tapping of the primary, mafic magma occurred toward the end of the period of MVM volcanism. A predominance of voluminous, apparently fluid, massive flows in the MVM is mainly ascribed to the shallow depth of magma reservoirs.