国外儿童地理学研究进展与启示

20世纪70至80年代,在地理学“空间转向”的背景下,国外儿童地理学研究兴起。2003年Children’s Geographies诞生,成为儿童地理学的旗帜性刊物,标志着儿童地理学的发展进入新阶段。借助可视化工具,系统梳理国外儿童地理学研究的核心主题、研究热点以及研究方法。研究发现：（1）国外儿童地理学的科研人员、科研机构以及研究所属区域都呈现高度集中性,欧美国家占据主导地位;（2）核心研究主题包括移民与流动身份、伦理与地区差异、教育与青年志向、童年与多元空间以及游戏与情感体验等;（3）亚洲儿童地理研究成为近期研究热点,聚焦于“跨国儿童移民”以及“亚洲青年教育及就业问题”两部分;（4）研究方法历经探索期、发展期、繁盛期以及信息技术广泛应用时期的演进,技术手段随时代发展不断更新。     

航空矢量重力测量水平分量的带限直接地形影响

基于第二类Helmert凝聚法的级数展开式,独立推导了航空矢量重力测量水平分量带限直接地形影响的计算公式。在中国西部山区选取了两条沿纬圈方向4000m航线高度上的航线,采用 的数字高程模型基于解析核计算了水平分量的直接地形影响,经低通滤波后与基于带限公式计算的地形影响进行了比较。数值计算结果表明,二者吻合较好,本文给出的带限地形影响公式可用于航空矢量重力测量水平分量的地形归算。     

大兴安岭北段塔源二支线铅锌铜矿区岩浆岩岩石成因及其地质意义

塔源二支线铅锌铜矿床地处额尔古纳地块东南缘,位于得尔布干成矿带东段.为确定塔源二支线铅锌铜矿区岩浆岩的岩石成因及其地质意义,对矿区岩浆岩开展了岩石学、地球化学以及同位素年代学研究.笔者在矿区识别出两期岩浆作用,早期发生于(296.1±2.3)Ma(早二叠世),侵入体为二长闪长岩;晚期发生在(136.5±2.1)Ma(早...     

Situating corporate framings of child labor: Toward grounded geographies of working children in globalized agriculture

The expansion of multinational corporations into agricultural production around the world is resulting in new forms of engagement in specific places. In the context of neoliberal restructuring, these engagements are tied to shifting landscapes of societal, governmental and industry-based perceptions on the role of corporations in labor regimes. But how are these engagements developed and how do they connect to the everyday lives of workers? In India, when Monsanto expanded into hybrid cotton seed production in the early 2000s, the corporation came under pressure to address concerns over the widespread employment of children and young workers for seed pollination. In response, the corporation developed an approach to child labor that, I argue, works to reinforce generalized and problematic notions of childhood and work. Corporate engagements in global agriculture need to be situated in time and space, and alongside the experiences of workers. Children experience attempts to shape their patterns of work and mobility as a series of surmountable obstacles, disconnected from the process of deciding whether or not they will engage in this work. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in Gujarat and Rajasthan, and documentary analysis of public documents, I outline the development of a corporate response to child labor and place it within the context of the rise of corporate social responsibility, global ideas of child labor, and in the specific case of cotton seed production in western India. I demonstrate that contextualized geographies of working children in globalized agriculture reveal the nature of multinational corporations’ engagements in specific places.     

On the hydraulic intake shape factor for a circular opening located at an impervious boundary: Influence of inclined stratification

In this paper, we develop an exact closed form solution for a circular entry point located at the interface between an impermeable material and a stratified porous medium, where the principal plane of hydraulic isotropy is inclined to the interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Educating the compassionate water engineer–a remedy to avoid future water management failures? / Former des spécialistes de l’eau citoyens–une solution pour éviter de futurs échecs en gestion de l’eau?

Abstract

Abstract The number of local and regional-scale water management failures appears steadily to increase despite an apparently higher level of engineering solutions at hand. The objective of this paper is to examine the challenges the existing education system needs to meet in order to produce water engineers capable of responding to the complexity of contemporary and future water problems in relation to societal needs. The next generation of water engineers may stay in their professional functions until 2040 or 2050. It is likely that in this period more critical water management and environmental problems will be experienced than have been encountered so far. The question then arises whether the present water engineers have the proper background education to understand environmental, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic problems to resolve related water management problems. Future water engineers must, to a greater extent, include socio-economic consequences in planned and/or designed water management systems and convey greater transparency regarding risks and societal effects.     

Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the progenitor sites of six nearby core-collapse supernovae

The search for the progenitors of six core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) in archival Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) WFPC2 pre-explosion imaging is presented. These SNe are 1999an, 1999br, 1999ev, 2000ds, 2000ew and 2001B. Post-explosion imaging of the SNe, with the HST ACS/WFC, has been utilized with the technique of differential astrometry to identify the progenitor locations on the pre-explosion imaging. SNe 1999br, 1999ev, 2000ew and 2001B are recovered in late-time imaging, and estimates of the progenitor locations on the pre-explosion imaging, with subpixel accuracy, have been made. Only the progenitor of the Type II-P SN 1999ev has been recovered, on pre-explosion F555W imaging, at a 4.8σ significance level. Assuming a red supergiant progenitor, the pre-explosion observation is consistent with   M _ZAMS= 15–18 M_⊙  . The progenitors of the other five SNe were below the 3σ detection threshold of the pre-explosion observations. The detection thresholds were translated to mass limits for the progenitors by comparison with stellar evolution models. Pre-explosion observations of the peculiarly faint SN 1999br limit the mass of a red supergiant progenitor to   M _ZAMS < 12 M_⊙  . Analysis has been extended, from previous studies, to include possible detections of high- T _eff, high-mass stars by conducting synthetic photometry of model Wolf–Rayet star spectra. The mass limits for the Type II-P SNe 1999an and 1999br are consistent with previously determined mass limits for this type of SN. The detection limits for the progenitors of the Type Ibc SNe (2000ds, 2000ew and 2001B) do not permit differentiation between high-mass Wolf–Rayet progenitors or low-mass progenitors in binaries.     

Influence of underground space development mode on the groundwater flow field in Xiong’an new area

The degree and scale of underground space development are growing with the continuous advancement of urbanization in China. The lack of research on the change of the groundwater flow field before and after the development of underground space has led to various problems in the process of underground space development and operation. This paper took the key development zone of the Xiong’an New Area as the study area, and used the Groundwater modeling system software (GMS) to analyse the influence on the groundwater flow field under the point, line, and surface development modes. The main results showed that the underground space development would lead to the expansion and deepening of the cone of depression in the aquifer. The groundwater level on the upstream face of the underground structure would rise, while the water level on the downstream face would drop. The “line” concurrent development has the least impact on the groundwater flow field, and the maximum rise of water level on the upstream side of the underground structure is expected to be approximately 3.05 m. The “surface” development has the greatest impact on the groundwater flow field, and the maximum rise of water level is expected to be 7.17 m.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区低渗致密油气成藏理论进展及勘探实践

延长石油集团在鄂尔多斯盆地大力推动石油、天然气、页岩气勘探开发理论研究和技术攻关,多类型资源协同发展,取得显著效果。在石油勘探方面,提出延长组特低渗石油“交替式”成藏理论认识,建立盆地中生界多期差异性成藏新模式,近10年特低渗石油年均探明地质储量超1×10⁸ t。建立细粒沉积风暴、地震等控砂理论,以及甜点预测方法,致密油累计探明地质储量2.1×10⁸ t。针对致密气田砂体成因机理不明、天然气运聚成藏规律不清等主要难题,揭示了“浅水环境岸线频繁迁移控砂”机制,建立了致密砂岩气优质储层成储模式,明确纯石英砂岩和富石英低塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩是致密气分布的“甜点”,形成了基于多要素、全过程天然气运聚模拟的目标优选技术。经勘探实践,发现了延安气田,累计探明天然气地质储量7 635×10⁸ m³。页岩气方面,提出陆相页岩气“三元”成藏富集地质理论的创新认识,认为湖相优质页岩是陆相页岩气富集高产的物质基础,多类型、跨尺度的复杂孔隙网络决定页岩气赋存条件,厚层页岩自封闭能力及高压是保存的关键,实现陆相页岩气产量突破。未...     

大兴安岭地区古生代构造格架重建:来自俯冲增生杂岩研究进展

大兴安岭地区古生代处于古亚洲洋闭合阶段,其间发育众多的弧盆系和蛇绿岩带,笔者等在大兴安岭地区1: 1 000 000地质编图和野外地质调研基础上,应用“洋板块地质”学术思想在大兴安岭地区元古宙、古生代地质体中划分出一系列“俯冲增生杂岩”、地块基底残块、岛弧、弧前盆地、弧后盆地等构造单元,结合陆(地)块和岩浆弧、弧前盆地、弧后盆地和“俯冲增生杂岩”的时空展布,划分出9条俯冲增生杂岩带,其中新识别出3条俯冲增生杂岩带。俯冲增生杂岩带主要分布于兴蒙造山带内部各地块之间和地块与大型岛弧带之间,相当于地块间及地块与岛弧带间的缝合带。依据俯冲增生杂岩带两侧对应的陆(地)块、岛弧带等构造级别,归并出5条结合带。俯冲增生杂岩带的展布方向以北东向为主,时代自北向南依次变新,从早奥陶世演化到中—晚二叠世,暗示古亚洲洋洋盆向大兴安岭地区陆(地)块俯冲作用最早发生在北部额尔古纳一带,逐渐向南后撤,不断形成新的洋壳和产生俯冲增生作用,相应的活动陆缘从北部额尔古纳地块向南逐渐增生,配套弧盆系时代也逐渐向南变新。早—中三叠世至西拉木伦一带发生陆-陆拼贴,完成华北板块与西伯利亚板块的对接。通过对大兴安岭地区古生代“俯冲增生杂岩”的研究,重建了大兴安岭地区古生代构造格架,提高了古亚洲洋东段洋-陆转换的研究程度。