PVA1788成膜体系无固相冲洗液在桂柳地1井的应用

桂柳地1井为广西柳州市鱼峰区雒容镇区块页岩气地质调查井,设计井深2350 m,钻遇水敏性地层等复杂地层。为了提高无固相冲洗液在页岩气复杂地层深孔钻进中维持孔壁稳定的能力,在PVA1788体系无固相冲洗液的基础上,添加成膜A剂、封堵剂GFD-1等处理剂。根据冲洗液试验及现场应用,成膜A剂具有降失水功能,不影响冲洗液的润滑性能,对粘度影响不明显,该PVA1788成膜体系无固相冲洗液滤失量较低,封堵裂隙效果好,减弱了地层水化膨胀,提高了成膜抑制防塌能力,满足了桂柳地1井深孔复杂地层维护孔壁稳定、安全钻进的需要。对类似复杂地层无固相冲洗液的推广应用具有参考价值。     

地表水渗漏对娘子关岩溶泉泉水水质的影响

娘子关泉水作为阳泉市主要的供水水源,受特定地质结构与人为污染等因素的影响,水质呈现逐年恶化的趋势,部分组分含量目前已处于超标或临界超标状态。在分析泉域岩溶水系统地质结构基础上,通过泉域内各主要河流渗漏量实测与水化学测定,采用物理混合方法评价河流渗漏途径对娘子关泉水水质的污染影响程度。     

凝胶堵漏技术在阳山矿区漏失地层中的应用

甘肃省文县阳山矿区地质构造复杂,地层破碎蚀变强烈,多层位漏失,钻探施工漏失现象普遍。在研究地层漏失机理的基础上试验应用了聚合物凝胶堵漏技术。ZK2232孔的现场应用表明,聚合物凝胶堵漏剂与其他惰性桥堵剂配合使用,能很好地解决钻进过程中的恶性漏失问题,堵漏效果较好。在堵漏施工中,聚合物凝胶堵漏不受漏失通道的限制,能够通过挤压变形进入裂缝和孔洞空间,最终达到封堵漏层的目的。     

赤泥库大坝渗漏分析及灌浆处理技术

由于施工质量问题,洛阳一个赤泥库大坝在试运行中发生大面积渗漏及管涌。在对渗漏原因进行分析的基础上实施的在坝内坡增设土工膜、坝轴线上游增设帷幕灌浆防渗墙、坝体下游坡面增设排渗沟和排水棱体等抢险加固措施,有效地解决了坝体渗漏问题。在灌浆处理过程中,针对筑坝材料的复杂性和不均匀性,通过施工前的灌浆试验,取得了适合本场地条件的钻孔施工工艺参数及灌浆方式、灌浆压力、灌浆段确定、水灰比比级等施工技术参数,确保了灌浆处理的效果。     

西页1井龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩含气性分析

目前,国内外在海陆过渡相页岩含气性方面的相关研究较少。位于贵州省毕节地区黔西县境内的页岩气参数调查井西页1井揭示了黔西北地区上二叠统龙潭组海陆过渡相黑色碳质页岩发育特征及其含气性特点。通过有机地球化学实验,获取了西页1井的有机地化参数:TOC含量分布范围为0.4%~17.85%,平均值为4.25%;Ro分布范围为2.68%~3.48%,平均值为3.06%。钻、录、测井资料分析显示该井钻遇上二叠统龙潭组富有机质页岩层系厚度为148.85m,在钻进过程中,共有6层出现气显示。利用测井资料、现场解吸和等温吸附实验数据分析和计算,认为龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩含气页岩层段多,具有良好的吸附能力,得到总含气量为1.40~19.60m3/t。通过以上结果分析表明:西页1井所揭示的上二叠统海陆过渡相龙潭组含气页岩具有层段数量多、单层厚度小、有机质分段富集、热演化成熟度偏高等特点,且含气性较好,故该区海陆过渡相龙潭组地层具有较大的页岩气资源潜力。     

内蒙古突泉盆地突参1井原油地球化学特征与油源分析

在内蒙古突泉盆地牤牛海坳陷南部突参1井的1684.5~1698.2m深度段侏罗系万宝组发现轻质原油,揭示了该区较好的油气勘探新领域。对该井原油和主要烃源岩分子地球化学特征、族组分稳定C同位素等进行了分析认为,该原油为轻质高蜡原油,C31升藿烷、C29甾烷异构化等成熟度参数显示该原油为成熟原油。正构烷烃呈单峰前峰型,姥鲛烷较植烷占绝对优势(Pr/Ph2.5),C29规则甾烷含量远高于C27甾烷,伽马蜡烷含量低,表明该原油生烃母质形成于以陆源高等植物为主的偏氧化沉积环境,原油来自该区侏罗系万宝组煤系泥岩。     

Environmental governance through “Speaking Like an Indigenous State” and respatializing resources: Ethical livelihood concepts in Bolivia as versatility or verisimilitude?

This research addresses recent environmental governance in Bolivia through its relations to indigeneity and respatializations. It introduces and develops the concept of “speaking like an indigenous state” to examine the Bolivian state’s recent use of a pair of indigenous linguistic concepts, Living Well and Earth Mother, representing the identities of citizens and their rights to resources and livelihoods. State relations to indigenous social movements highlight the use of Living Well and Earth Mother concepts through accommodation, resistance, and protaganism. Six active issues of environmental governance are examined: (1) climate change and justice movement; (2) agrarian reform, agrobiodiversity, and food justice; (3) water resources; (4) indigenous territories; (5) Protected Areas; and (6) extractive industries (mining, hydrocarbons). The usages of Living Well and Earth Mother show versatility as they have been mobilized in the respatializing of the politics and social-power dynamics of environmental issues at scales of the state, global and international institutions, and community and local levels. Analysis also reveals deployment of Living Well and Earth Mother that is discursively influential and yet conceptually reduced and unevenly applied, thus suggesting a characteristic of verisimilitude. My analysis determines that respatialization at various levels, including territorial transitions of sub-national regional spaces, are associated with the heightened articulation of environmental governance through indigeneity and “speaking like an indigenous state” amid resource nationalism. Linkages and logics operating within this conjuncture differ from the prevailing interpretation of the Bolivian state’s use of Living Well and Earth Mother as solely an unwitting contradiction or instrumentalist camouflage.     

Biomass strategies for climate policies?

Abstract

This paper discusses the results of the BEAP linear programming model that has been developed to study the optimal use of biomass and land for greenhouse gas emission reduction, notably the competition between food production, biomass production for energy and materials and afforestation. The model results suggest up to 100 EJ biomass use in case of global policies (about 20% of global primary energy use). The biomass is used for industrial and residential heating, transportation fuels and as a feedstock for plastics. In the electricity markets competing emission reduction options are more cost-effective than biomass. In case the Kyoto protocol is continued beyond 2010 the developed countries can rely in 2020–2030 on afforestation and land use change credits from developing countries, without any major use of other emission reduction strategies. However, in case of a planning perspective of more than half a century bioenergy is preferred instead of afforestation. The results indicate a limited impact on global agricultural trade, but food demand may be affected by CO₂ policies.     

The design of California's cap-and-trade and its impact on electricity markets

California is considering the adoption of a cap-and-trade regulatory mechanism for regulating the greenhouse gas emissions from electricity and perhaps other industries. Two options have been widely discussed for implementing cap-and-trade in the electricity industry. The first is to regulate the emissions from electricity at the load-serving entity (LSE) level. The second option for implementation of cap-and-trade has been called the ‘first-seller’ approach. Conceptually, under first-seller, individual sources (i.e. power plants) within California would be responsible for their emissions, as with traditional cap-and-trade systems. Emissions from imports would be assigned to the ‘importing firm’. An option that has not been as widely discussed is to implement a pure source-based system within California, effectively excluding imports from the cap-and-trade system altogether. This article examines these three approaches to implementing cap-and-trade for California's electricity sector. The article discusses many of the issues relating to measurement and the impacts on bidding and scheduling incentives that are created by the various regulatory regimes.