人工湿地研究现状与展望

自1950s开始系统性研究以来,人工湿地研究日趋深入,也得到了广泛的应用.本文基于文献报道,对人工湿地研究的历程特别是我国的研究进行了分析,分为起步探索、迅猛发展和规范应用三个阶段.梳理了人工湿地的研究现状,主要集中在如何提高脱氮除磷效率、对新兴污染物的去除、人工湿地根区微生物结构与功能以及人工湿地模型四个方面.核心还是提高人工湿地对污染物的去除效率并解释其机理.未来需要长期监测数据支撑的理论实践结合的设计规程;进一步揭示人工湿地的生物过程;建立合理简化的模型,对系统进行准确预测.     

旁路多级人工湿地对巢湖流域南淝河水的净化效果

为了削减南淝河输入巢湖的污染物,建成南淝河旁路多级人工湿地水质净化示范工程,包括预处理系统、垂直潜流湿地系统和水平潜流湿地系统3个工艺单元.2014年3月至2015年2月对人工湿地各净化单元出水进行周年监测,分析各净化单元对污染物的去除效果,并探讨季节变化对去除效果的影响.结果显示,旁路多级人工湿地体现较高的去除效果.对高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和总磷(TP)的总去除率分别为70.9%、43.7%、43.5%和76.6%.COD_(Mn)和TP的平均出水浓度均优于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅳ类水标准,而NH_4~+-N的平均出水浓度优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A类标准.各净化单元对污染物的去除差异显著,COD_(Mn)的去除主要发生在预处理单元,其对COD_(Mn)削减的净化率为65.1%;TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除主要发生在垂直潜流湿地单元,其对TN、NH_4~+-N和TP削减的净化率分别为23.2%、27.1%和51.1%.不同季节,旁路多级人工湿地对污染物去除具有一定差异,对COD_(Mn)和TP的去除率均表现为夏季秋季春季冬季,对TN的去除率表现为秋季春季夏季冬季,对NH_4~+-N的去除率表现为秋季夏季春季冬季.最后,建议通过增加碳源和增大水力停留时间来进一步优化该工艺,以有效提高脱氮效果.     

A decadal-scale numerical model for wandering,cobble-bedded rivers subject to disturbance

Alluvial rivers are composed of self-formed channels which are sensitive to disturbances in their flow and sediment-supply regimes. Regime changes commonly occur over decadal and longer timescales and can be caused by anthropogenic alterations such as dam construction and removal. Advances in numerical modeling have increased our ability to explore geomorphic adjustments over long timescales; however, many models designed to be run for decades or longer assume that banks are immovable or that channel width is constant. Since river channels often respond to disturbance by adjusting their geometry, this is a significant shortcoming. To investigate the impact of long-term sediment supply alterations on channel geometry and stability, we have adapted MAST-1D, a reach-scale bed evolution model, to incorporate functions for bank erosion, vegetation encroachment, and local avulsions. The model is designed for medium-large, coarse multithreaded rivers and can be run over long (decades–centuries) timescales. Bank erosion is a function of the mobility and transport capacity for structurally-important grains which protect the bank toe. Vegetation growth is proportional to point bar width and occurs during conditions of low shear stress. Local avulsions occur when aggradation causes channel depth to drop below a threshold. We apply the model to the Elwha River in Washington, USA with the goal of investigating if and when the river recovers from dam emplacement and removal. The Elwha was dammed for nearly 100 years, and then two dams were removed, releasing a large pulse of sediment. We have modeled the set of reaches between the two dams. Our simulations suggest that channel response to dam emplacement occurs gradually over several decades but that the channel recovers to near pre-dam conditions within about a decade following the removal. The dams leave a lasting legacy on the floodplain, which does not completely recover, even after two centuries. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

潜孔锤反循环钻进技术在复杂地层中的试验研究

贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取芯(样)钻进技术在钻进复杂地层时有独特效果,依托中国地调局项目,通过野外生产试验,加深了贯通式潜孔锤反循环机理的理论研究,对贯通式潜孔锤及其配套钻具的结构进行了合理的优化,大大提高了其对复杂地层的适应能力,完善了操作技术和工艺方法,使潜孔锤反循环钻进技术达到了可以广泛推广应用的水平.     

Dyeing and printing wastewater treatment using fly-ash coated with chitosan

Printing and dyeing industry is a considerable source of environmental contamination. In this study treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater with a new type of sewage treatment agent, fly-ash coated with chitosan particles (FCCP), was examined. The effects of pH, stirring time, sedimentation time and temperature on color, COD, turbidity and NH₃-N removal were determined. The optimum dosage of FCCP and the influence of individual factors on removal efficiency were tested. The optimum parameters determined using the L₁₆(4⁵) orthogonal experiment were as follows: FCCP (weight ratio of chitosan to fly-ash 1:6) dosage, 4 g·L⁻¹; temperature, 35°C; pH, 4. The stirring time and sedimentation time were 20 min and 5 h, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the color, COD and NH₃-N removal ratios were 97%, 80% and 75%, respectively.     

青岛团岛汇水区域污水处理对胶州湾口水质改良的贡献

青岛团岛地区入海的主要水污染源,是来自其汇水区城内的大量生活污水和一定量的轻工业废水.自1998～2007年底,累计处理污水14254万吨,削减各类有机物如CODcr、BOD、SS以及NH4-N、TP等污染物累积28万吨,为减轻胶州湾口的水环境污染起到一定的作用.团岛污水厂采用"生物脱氮除磷A/A/O"工艺,自运行以来,不断提出一些优化方案以改善污水处理效果,使出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH4-N、TP等指标达到并优于国家二级排放标准(GB18918-2002),提高了排入胶州湾口的水质质量.     

A油田结蜡规律及清蜡方法研究

A油田属于小而肥的高品位油田,埋藏浅、油层单一、胶结疏松、高孔、高渗、稀油、边水活跃、初期产量高,但是原油中含蜡量高达6％左右,开采过程中结蜡容易造成自喷井油嘴堵塞、机抽井卡光杆、地面管残堵塞而影响正常生产。通过开展恒温溶蜡实验,矿场总结单井结蜡规律,采取区别对待,根据油压、套压、回压变化,对自喷井检查油嘴、启抽、热洗井筒及地面管线、机械刮蜡等有效措施,投入开发三年以来没有一口井和一条管线发生过蜡卡事故,油井生产平稳有序,集输管线安全畅通,以甲方12人的经营团队累积产油72×10^4t,采收率50％,自然递减为-7％,综合含水仅1．6％。     

活石（live rock）在珊瑚养殖体系中对NH4+、NO3-的去除作用

Maintaining stable water quality is one of the key processes for recirculating coral aquaculture. Traditional aquarium systems which mainly utilized a nitrification of nitrifying bacteria attached to the surface of massive artificial filter material are difficult to maintain the oligotrophic conditions necessary for coral aquaculture. This study investigated the removal effects of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(ammonia and nitrate) by live rock(LR), a key component in the "Berlin system" coral aquarium. The expression levels of bacterial functional genes, AOA3,amo A and nos Z, were measured on the exterior and interior of LR. The nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial abundance on LR was quantified and the nitrogen nutrient regulatory effects of LR were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LR mainly removed ammonium(NH_4~+) from the water with a mean efficiency of 0.141 mg/(kg·h), while the removal of nitrate(NO_3~–) was not significant. Bacterial diversity analysis showed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) were the most common bacteria on LR, which accounted for 0.5%–1.4% of the total bacterial population, followed by denitrifying bacteria, which accounted for 0.2% of the total population, and the ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) were the least common type(0.01%). The low abundance of denitrifying bacteria may be responsible for the poor nitrate(NO_3~–) removal of LR. Thus, other biological filtration methods are needed in coral aquaria to control nitrates generated from nitrification or biological metabolism.