Hydrokinematic regions within the swash zone

A method for delimiting the swash zone and regions within is presented. Two regions are recognized and distinguished by their differing flow kinematics. The outer swash region involves wave-swash interactions and related processes, whereas the inner swash region consists of pure swash motion (i.e., free from interaction with subsequent waves). The boundary between these two hydrokinematic regions can be determined from shoreline elevation time series. The vertical extent of the outer swash was found to scale directly with inner surf zone wave variance and beach slope. Since the vertical extent of the entire swash zone also varies directly with the former, the relative extents of the outer and inner swash are approximately constant for the range of beach slopes investigated here. The efficacy of a previously utilized method for determining the location of instruments in the swash zone, based on the percentage of time the bed is inundated, is established here for the first time. A new method for determining the location of an instrument station within either of the hydrokinematic regions is also presented, and requires only a single pressure sensor time series. The data discussed here include over 140 runup time series collected from five different sandy beaches with beach face gradients ranging from 0.03 to 0.12. The results are expected to be generally applicable to swell-dominated sandy beaches, where swash is driven by a combination of short and long waves in the inner surf zone. The applicability of the results at either extreme of the reflective–dissipative continuum remains to be established.     

Wave equation analyses of tapered FRP–concrete piles in dense sand

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP)–concrete composites provide an attractive alternative to conventional pile materials such as steel, concrete and wood by improving the durability of deep foundations. In the current study, FRP tubes with different taper angles are filled with self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and driven into dense sand that is enclosed in a large pressurized soil chamber. Driving tests are conducted on FRP–SCC composite piles to determine how the pile material and geometric configuration affect its driving performance. Dynamic data is employed to determine the soil parameters in the TNO model (i.e., soil quake and damping constant) using the DLTWAVE signal-matching program. The driveability of FRP–SCC and traditional pile materials is compared using the wave equation analysis program PDPWAVE. The experimental data and the wave equation analyses indicate that the taper shape has a favourable effect on the driveability and static resistance of piles. It is also found that the driveability of FRP–SCC composite piles is similar to that of conventional prestressed concrete and steel piles. However, empty FRP tubes required a much higher driving energy. Their low flexural resistance along with risk of buckling can hinder their driveability in different soil conditions.     

Efficiency of trenches along railways for trains moving at sub- or supersonic speeds

A full 3D analytical approach is adopted to account for trenches on one or both sides close to a railroad. Low-frequency ground vibrations are investigated due to the passing of trains, and open trenches are used as wave barriers. The modelling technique is based on Fourier transforms and Fourier series. The ground is modelled as a layered semi-infinite domain and the embankment with finite layers. The trenches are obtained by simulating the upper surface layer with two or three finite rectangular regions with appropriate widths. A particular boundary condition is adopted at the vertical sides of all finite regions to enable the solution procedure. Rails and sleepers are accounted for with Euler–Bernoulli beams and an anisotropic Kirchhoff plate with transversal isotropy. The wheel loads from the boogie wheel pairs of the train are simulated as moving forces. Hence, no irregularities in rails or wheels are accounted for.     

Lagrange变分和大气中惯性重力内波的稳定性

本文利用Lagrange变分导出了惯性重力内波的波作用量方程,这种方程与用KWB方法所得到的惯性重力内波的波作用量方程在形式上有所不同,但所得到的结果却与观测事实是一致的。     

An ocean wind-wave climatology for the Southern Brazilian Shelf. Part II: Variability in space and time

Previously validated model results were used to characterize the wave climate over the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS). The low mean significant wave height over the western South Atlantic shelves was shown together with examples of cyclone-induced extreme wave fields and other typical wave conditions. The mean offshore spectra showed a bimodal shape with a predominance of S/SSW and ENE/E waves with distinctive interannual rising periods in wave energy density. Along-shelf wave energy gradients were seen near the coast with higher energy located off capes and coastal projections and energy minima between them. A considerable drop in wave energy suggests the 40 m depth as the mean wave base and consequently the lower limit of the SBS shoreface. The upper shoreface mean wave energy density varied abruptly along the shelf in response to differences in bottom declivities. The large and shallow shoreface was responsible for an intense refraction of the waves and hence very small angles of attack. Additionally, it was shown the sheltering effect caused by capes and coastal projections and a remarkable north/south energy asymmetry between them, caused by a windowing on the wave propagation to the shore. Altogether, it was possible to state that bottom friction plays a major role in wave differentiation along the SBS shoreface, thus suggesting that shelf morphology might indeed be more important to generate wave variability than the offshore wave variation itself.     

湿化膨胀与掺砂率对混合型缓冲材料THM耦合过程的影响分析

加入辅助骨料后的混合型缓冲材料在保留了材料密封和防渗能力的同时,克服了纯膨润土导热系数低、施工性差的缺点,作为高放废物处置库缓冲材料的备选材料正在成为新的研究热点。基于室内试验数据,以多孔介质非饱和渗流理论为基础,考虑了膨润土湿化膨胀及密度、饱和度、导热系数等材料物理性质参数的实时变化,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了包含一条巷道及单个井孔的3D网格模型,计算模拟了100 a间屏障系统中膨润土-石英砂混合型缓冲材料的THM多场耦合演化过程,分析了各物理量的时间演化及空间分布规律,并通过不同工况分析了材料湿化膨胀以及掺砂率对屏障系统演化过程的影响。系统中材料温度、饱和度与距固化体、岩壁的距离呈相关性,应力整体以受压为主,变形呈先压缩后膨胀的趋势。其中,膨润土基材料的湿化膨胀作用对温度演化的影响很小,但会略微加速饱和进程,并使材料的应力-应变出现明显的时间演化及区域分布差异。井孔和巷道中靠近岩壁区域的应力上升较快,并且在巷道底板与井孔交界处出现了显著的竖向位移。提高掺量可以有效降低罐体表面温度,增强屏障系统散热能力,降低缓冲材料的历史最大应力,有效控制井孔轴线上的竖向位移,但也会削弱系统的防渗能力。     

牡蛎壳改性及联合释氧复合材料修复地下水氨氮污染实验研究

为研究以牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料为填料的渗透反应格栅去除地下水氨氮污染的效果及其经济实用性,开展了相关室内实验:采用高温加热方式对牡蛎壳进行改性,通过测定牡蛎壳改性后的比表面积判定其吸附效果;以过氧化钙为释氧化合物,将其与水泥、石英砂/牡蛎壳粒、钙基膨润土以一定比例混合制成粒径约1.8 cm球型释氧材料,采用静态实验研究不同原料配比的释氧材料的释氧性能;最后研究了两种不同粒径牡蛎壳粒-释氧复合材料修复地下水氨氮的效果及不同供氧方式下不同吸附材料修复地下水氨氮的效果及其经济实用性。结果表明:对牡蛎壳粒进行高温改性,牡蛎壳粒高温条件下会产生团聚现象,比表面积随煅烧温度升高呈下降趋势,高温改性方式并不能有效改善牡蛎壳粒吸附性能;实验中制作的释氧材料在95天的实验期间,各实验柱的溶解氧量可以保持在18 mg/L左右,且在嗜碱菌作用下pH值得以有效降低,所制作的释氧材料可为硝化细菌长期在溶解氧低的地下水环境中生长提供氧气;以牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料为填料的渗透反应格栅通过耐碱硝化细菌的硝化作用可以将氨氮浓度从50 mg/L降至约35 mg/L,不同粒径牡蛎壳粒修复效果差异不明显。使用牡蛎壳-释氧复合材料渗透反应格栅长期修复地下水氨氮,不仅可以达到活性炭及沸石作为骨架的修复效果,而且更加具有经济实用性。     

面向直升机低空突防的三维航线规划算法研究

直升机低空突防航线规划对保障直升机安全飞行,顺利完成任务至关重要。综合考虑地形、雷达探测、火力威胁的影响,将规划空间栅格化剖分,设计直升机低空突防航线;根据障碍物分布以及直升机自身性能的限制,对突防航线进行优化得到最佳突防航线。仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。     

郯庐断裂带肥东段早白垩世中期走滑运动的年代学证据

郯庐断裂带肥东段西韦地区和桃花源地区出露了大规模的北北东向韧性剪切带。桃花源地区韧性剪切带显示出2期构造变形的叠加。野外构造和显微构造分析皆指示为左行走滑韧性剪切带。糜棱岩中石英与长石的变形行为指示其变形温度分别为400~450℃和500℃。通过对这两处走滑剪切带内糜棱岩化花岗岩脉的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年,获得了3个样品的侵位年龄分别为(133.2±1.9)Ma,(131.3±2.0)Ma,(130.3±2.0)Ma。再结合已有的研究成果,认为在128~124Ma(早白垩世中期)郯庐断裂带发生过左行走滑活动。综合分析表明,郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世和早白垩世中期分别经历了2期左行走滑活动,而期间和之后的早白垩世则处于伸展活动之中。伸展活动持续较长,控制发育了西侧的合肥盆地及断裂带内一系列岩浆活动;而区域挤压背景下出现的走滑活动则相对短暂。这些演化规律显示该断裂带在晚侏罗世—早白垩世呈现为交替式的走滑和伸展活动。新发现的早白垩世中期走滑活动,与太平洋区伊泽纳崎板块板块运动方向的调整相对应,是大洋板块运动方向短暂调整的构造响应。     

Optimisation of arrays of flap-type oscillating wave surge converters

In this paper a finite array of hinged flap-type wave energy converters are modelled using a mathematical approach. These are illustrative of the Oyster device of Aquamarine Power Ltd.¹ A novel semi-analytic solution method is presented for a set of boundary-value problems involving the scattering and radiation of waves by thin barriers used to model the device hydrodynamics. The approach makes use of the geometry to apply Fourier transforms, deriving non-singular integral equations in terms of the jumps in pressure across the flaps. These are then solved numerically using a highly efficient Galerkin expansion method. The focus of the results is on optimisation. We suggest optimal parameters for a single device, identifying flap length as crucial to device performance. This optimisation is then carried through to arrays with optimal arrangements and spacings being determined for a model sea state. Here, the lateral displacement of the devices emerges as a critical factor in optimal array configuration.