兰州地区季节冻土声波现场测试研究

通过对兰州地区4个不同地貌单元季节冻土的现场声波波速测试，获得了0-1.5m深度范围内冻土和融土的纵、横波波速，实测了相应的黄土的密度、含水量及地温资料，分析了波速与土的胶结状态、温度和含水量的关系，结果表明，土的胶结程度对波速度有重要影响，土质疏松，波速较小；土质密实，波速较大，温度在0℃以上时，波速随含水量的增大而减小；温度在0℃以下时，波速随温度的降低而增大。     

航空重力测量的滤波处理及最佳波长分辨率的探讨

根据航空重力测量的数据性质，对其滤波处理中最佳滤长分辨率的确定，提出了一种采用静态飞行数据进行检测的方法－即利用静态飞行数据处理后的重力异常误差平方和最小的原则。并对其在航空重力测量中的必要性做了检验和说明。     

Wave measurement and modeling in Chesapeake Bay

Three recently measured wind and wave data sets in the northern part of Chesapeake Bay (CB) are presented. Two of the three data sets were collected in late 1995. The third one was collected in July of 1998. The analyzed wind and wave data show that waves were dominated by locally generated, fetch limited young wind seas. Significant wave heights were highly correlated to the local driving wind speeds and the response time of the waves to the winds was about 1 h. We also tested two very different numerical wave models, Simulation of WAves Nearshore (SWAN) and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), to hind-cast the wave conditions against the data sets. Time series model–data comparisons made using SWAN and GLERL showed that both models behaved well in response to a suddenly changing wind. In general, both SWAN and GLERL over-predicted significant wave height; SWAN over-predicted more than GLERL did. SWAN had a larger scatter index and a smaller correlation coefficient for wave height than GLERL had. In addition, both models slightly under-predicted the peak period with a fairly large scatter and low correlation coefficient. SWAN predicted mean wave direction better than GLERL did. Directional wave spectral comparisons between SWAN predictions and the data support these statistical comparisons. The GLERL model was much more computationally efficient for wind wave forecasts in CB. SWAN and GLERL predicted different wave height field distributions for the same winds in deeper water areas of the Bay where data were not available, however. These differences are as yet unresolved.     

Temperature variation and its driving forces over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 250 years

By comparing the oxygen isotopic temperatures recorded by many shallow ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica, this paper presents the special characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 50 years, 150 years and 250 years. In the past 50 years, the isotopic temperatures recorded in the ice cores over different sites on the Antarctic coastal regions differ greatly. For instance, although increasing isotopic temperatures have been reported for many sites studied, many sites show decreasing trends, the regional regularity in temperature variations is still insignificant. In the past 150 years, the isotopic temperature trends in the coastal regions of Antarctica show an alternate-distributing pattern. In the past 250 years, all the ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica have recorded the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA). The above-mentioned spatial characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions are likely to reflect the impacts of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) and the special terrain (such as the large drainage basins) on the coastal regions of Antarctica. Furthermore, the impacting intensity of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and the special terrain differs in terms of the temporal scale of the temperature change.     

非线性波动方程地震反演的方法原理及问题

在解反射地震的非线性反问题时,目前都采用各种迭代算法(如梯度法、最速下降法及共轭梯度下降法等),并以拟合差取极小为准则.本文对这方面具有代表性的波动方程反演理论作分析评述,指出这种经典性方法的缺点和局限,以及发展非线性波动方程地震反演的方向.     

串联F-K加相移插值法偏移

本文介绍的偏移成像方法为递归F-K法、相移插值法及串联偏移技术的有效结合,简称CFPI法.该方法中,波场外推采用相移插值法中递归向下延拓方式,而每一延拓层间的成像则用文中给出的常速F-K加剩余速度F-K偏移,通过与横向速度变化有关的插值来实现,该过程用FFT完成.该方法可采用较大的延拓步长速归向下外推与成像.理论分析及实际计算结果比较表明,该算法效率远高于相移插值法偏移.     

Spatial and seasonal aspects of beach stability

Recent work at three contrasting sites in England and Wales has shown characteristics atypical of those frequently reported elsewhere. These differences are:

• (a) Taking each entire beach system there is no uniform trend of erosion or accretion, nor a progressive variation in beach elevation or volume alongshore, from one survey to the next. However, for Swansea Bay the ‘long-term’ (i. e. 18 months) range in profile height along that stretch of coast where the alignment of the beach is normal to the direction of wave approach, correlates well with computed wave energy derived from relevant offshore wave directions.
• (b) While beach variability is greatest during the ‘winter’ (i. e. storm) period there is no overall tendency for a drawdown of sediment from the intertidal zone at that time. Response times are relatively short. Thus high beach levels need not necessarily be associated with ‘summer’ conditions.
• (c) Although in Swansea Bay there is a tendency for the beach height to fluctuate least at mid-tide level this is not true of the other two sites. In no area does sediment eroded from the upper exposed part of the beach regularly appear to be deposited on the lower exposed part, or vice versa.

     

The fractal geometry of tidal-channel systems in the Dutch Wadden Sea

Horton's hierarchical and fractal analysis of channel circumference reveals that tidal-channel systems in the Dutch Wadden Sea have similar branching patterns. Channel systems have the same characteristics as three- to four-times branching networks. The branch lengths of these channels decrease logarithmically. The channel systems can be regarded as statistical self-similar fractal networks, considering the natural variability in branch lengths and channel positions. Branching of channels does not continue below the 500 m scale. The channel-system circumference length is logarithmically related to the tidal prism and drainage area. The similarity of the channel systems, regardless of their size, relative amount of intertidal flats, and tidal amplitude, points to a self-organising nature. All processes depend on the feedback between morphology and hydrodynamics. At first sight, the channel systems can be regarded as an ebb-driven drainage network, governed by erosion. However, flood-dominated net sedimentation occurs in large parts of the drainage basins and modifies the ebb-driven network. The complex interaction of hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes in tidal basins limits the applicability of process-based models. Behaviour-oriented modelling has a wide applicability and can be improved using the fractal geometry as the dynamical equilibrium morphology. The fractal-network geometry can also be used for stochastic reconstructions of fossil tidal-channel systems, when only limited observations are available.     

连续型隔振屏障在高速铁路环境振动问题治理中的应用研究

为探究高速铁路两侧隔振屏障隔振效果，采用有限元与无限元边界结合的方式进行分析，研究不同连续型隔振屏障及布置形式对隔振效果的影响。通过现场试验与同尺寸、同属性有限元模型对比试验，验证有限元模型合理性。计算结果表明:不同连续型隔振屏障中，空沟隔振效果最优，空沟隔振措施适合高速列车隔振；隔振屏障宽度为0.6～2.5倍波长时，其对隔振效果的影响较小，随着宽度的改变，隔振效果变化幅度较小；隔振屏障深度为3.8～15.2倍波长时，其对隔振效果的影响较明显，随着深度的增加，隔振效果增强；屏障位置对隔振效果的影响较大，建议屏障应靠近路基布置；连续型隔振屏障对高频的隔振效果优于低频。     

Wave propagation in a seven-story reinforced concrete building: III. Damage detection via changes in wavenumbers

This paper presents low frequency wavenumbers in a seven-storey reinforced concrete building estimated from its recorded response to eleven earthquakes, one of which (1994 Northridge) caused visible structural damage, and two of which are its aftershocks. The wavenumbers, K_i,j(f), are estimated from pairs (i,j) of records at neighboring recording sites in the building, distributed vertically or horizontally. Changes in K_i,j(f) from one event to another are compared in the undamaged (lower) and in the damaged (upper) part of the building, with the aim to find whether trends in K_i,j(f) can indicate damage. The results suggest significant and permanent increase of the wavenumbers in the damaged parts for the 1994 Northridge earthquake and its aftershocks, which is not the case for the other events in the damaged parts, and for all eleven events in the undamaged parts of the building. This increase in wavenumbers in the damaged parts can be explained by reduced wave velocities through the damaged structural members, and by scattering of waves from the discontinuities created by the damage. It is concluded from this qualitative analysis that wavenumbers estimated from strong motion recordings in a building can indicate location of damage, and that it would be useful to refine further this method (extend it to higher frequencies, and add the capability to quantify the damage). However, this would require more dense strong motion instrumentation in buildings than currently available. Deployment of dense arrays in selected buildings would provide data for further work on this subject.