利用煤层裂隙地震各向异性寻找煤层气气藏

煤层气是以吸附状态储集在煤层的微裂隙、裂缝中，煤层既是煤气的源岩层，也是煤层气的储集层。由于煤层裂隙的存在，将导致煤层的各向异性；根据横波分裂理论：横波通过方位各向异性介质时，横波将发生分裂现象，分裂为两个偏振方向近乎正交的横波，即传播方向平行于裂隙方向的快横波和传播方向垂直于裂隙方向的慢横波。本文介绍了煤层裂隙引起的横波分裂现象的实验室研究及实际野外试验成果。实际结果表明，利用转换横波探测煤层裂隙是可行的。本文最后给出了试验煤层裂隙发育范围和裂隙发育方向。     

Computational fluid dynamics modelling of boundary roughness in gravel‐bed rivers: an investigation of the effects of random variability in bed elevation

Results from a series of numerical simulations of two‐dimensional open‐channel flow, conducted using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT, are compared with data quantifying the mean and turbulent characteristics of open‐channel flow over two contrasting gravel beds. Boundary roughness effects are represented using both the conventional wall function approach and a random elevation model that simulates the effects of supra‐grid‐scale roughness elements (e.g. particle clusters and small bedforms). Results obtained using the random elevation model are characterized by a peak in turbulent kinetic energy located well above the bed (typically at y/h = 0·1–0·3). This is consistent with the field data and in contrast to the results obtained using the wall function approach for which maximum turbulent kinetic energy levels occur at the bed. Use of the random elevation model to represent supra‐grid‐scale roughness also allows a reduction in the height of the near‐bed mesh cell and therefore offers some potential to overcome problems experienced by the wall function approach in flows characterized by high relative roughness. Despite these benefits, the results of simulations conducted using the random elevation model are sensitive to the horizontal and vertical mesh resolution. Increasing the horizontal mesh resolution results in an increase in the near‐bed velocity gradient and turbulent kinetic energy, effectively roughening the bed. Varying the vertical resolution of the mesh has little effect on simulated mean velocity profiles, but results in substantial changes to the shape of the turbulent kinetic energy profile. These findings have significant implications for the application of CFD within natural gravel‐bed channels, particularly with regard to issues of topographic data collection, roughness parameterization and the derivation of mesh‐independent solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distorted Froude‐scaled flume analysis of large woody debris

This paper presents the results of a movable‐boundary, distorted, Froude‐scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand‐bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0·8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys. The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at the Q₂ discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross‐section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从岩相古地理论塔里木盆地西南地区石炭系油气潜景

石岩系是塔里木盆地西南地区重要的海相烃源岩和储集岩地层，油气潜力很大，但目前仅发现了1个气田、1个油田和2个油藏，勘探程度很低。本文在岩相古地理和地震地层学岩性岩相研究的基础上，对本区石炭系的烃源岩和储集岩的类型、分布及其与沉积环境的关系进行了研究，对盖层性质和分布，尤其对石炭系经过多次大的构造变动后所形成的油气潜景区进行了较深入的探讨，并指出4个有利的油气勘探地区，即巴楚隆起西端、玛扎塔克断裂带-海米-罗斯断裂带、麦盖提斜坡的北缘、南缘推覆体上盘。同时指出了各有利地区的勘探对策。     

白垩纪红层冰筏沉积的古气候及古地理意义

冰筏沉积是负载沉积物的冰块进入海洋或湖泊中，冰块融化沉积物附落所形成的，它们可形成于高海拔具有明显气候垂直分带的低纬度地区或者是高纬度地区。我们在研究松辽盆地白垩纪古气候时，首次在泉头组层中发现冰筏沉积。根据泉头组孢粉组合的研究透明，它们除了具有热带－亚热植物的孢粉以外，还有少量喜冷分子混生现象。     

常德市城区工程地质特征

常德市城区包括武陵区、武陵镇、德山,它位于洞庭湖淤积平原上,工程地质条件复杂,为多土层结构,软土层发育。常德为7度地震区。据土层特征,标准贯入,动、静三轴试验结果,在武陵区、武陵镇一带,轻亚粘土31.1％有液化,淤泥质轻亚粘土55.4％有液化,粉砂—细砂层60.5％有液化。据此对常德市城区的工程勘察、地基基础类型提出了一些具体看法和建议。     

红层（盆）与金矿化关系的探讨

红层（盆）内外存在着工业金矿化现象，与红层（盆）有关的金矿化包括：次火山岩型、卡林型、穆龙套型、不整合脉型、风化壳型、热泉型以及砂金等众多类型。它们的形成过程及分布与红层（盆）关系密切。本文总结了与红层（盆）有关金矿化的成矿模式及找矿方向。     

BED FORMS AND RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT-WEIGHT BED MATERIAL

I. INTRODUCTIONResistance to flow in alluvial streams is one of the crucial problems in fluvial hydraulics. Despite that large amount of studies have been conducted for centuries, no perfectmethod describing and calculating the resistance to flow in alluvial streams is availablehll now. Investigation on bed forms and resistance properties of light--weight bed materials is even more scarce. USWES (1936) has conducted systematic experiments onlight--weight materials in a flume & m long an…     

变质作用矿床概述

近代矿床学研究已初步摆脱经典和相对立的内生及外生作用矿床的研究范围,走向一个以整体地质环境为背景,以各种地质作用相互联系为基础的动力学研究方向,并从矿床的源区和源岩出发,在不同的地质作用下特别是与挥发组分的参与相结合,追溯其矿床的形成过程。变质作用矿床是一类中间型的矿床,属于近源迁移型。在原有地壳中含矿建造和矿源层的基础上,经历了变质作用和它的后期混合岩作用过程,并通过变质作用传导体制的不同阶段中出现的流体的参与,形成一系列由前变质矿床直至混合岩化期后矿床。文中对影响变质作用矿床的控制因素及其地位作了扼要的叙述,进行了变质作用分类的探讨,并从其传导体制中出现的热流及其形成环境上,与岩浆型花岗岩期后热液型进行对比和讨论。     

A bed‐load transport model for rough turbulent open‐channel flows on plane beds

Data from flume studies are used to develop a model for predicting bed‐load transport rates in rough turbulent two‐dimensional open‐channel flows moving well sorted non‐cohesive sediments over plane mobile beds. The object is not to predict transport rates in natural channel flows but rather to provide a standard against which measured bed‐load transport rates influenced by factors such as bed forms, bed armouring, or limited sediment availability may be compared in order to assess the impact of these factors on bed‐load transport rates. The model is based on a revised version of Bagnold's basic energy equation i_bs_b = e_bω, where i_b is the immersed bed‐load transport rate, ω is flow power per unit area, e_b is the efficiency coefficient, and s_b is the stress coefficient defined as the ratio of the tangential bed shear stress caused by grain collisions and fluid drag to the immersed weight of the bed load. Expressions are developed for s_b and e_b in terms of G, a normalized measure of sediment transport stage, and these expressions are substituted into the revised energy equation to obtain the bed‐load transport equation i_b = ω G ^3·4. This equation applies regardless of the mode of bed‐load transport (i.e. saltation or sheet flow) and reduces to i_b = ω where G approaches 1 in the sheet‐flow regime. That i_b = ω does not mean that all the available power is dissipated in transporting the bed load. Rather, it reflects the fact that i_b is a transport rate that must be multiplied by s_b to become a work rate before it can be compared with ω. It follows that the proportion of ω that is dissipated in the transport of bed load is i_bs_b/ω, which is approximately 0·6 when i_b = ω. It is suggested that this remarkably high transport efficiency is achieved in sheet flow (1) because the ratio of grain‐to‐grain to grain‐to‐bed collisions increases with bed shear stress, and (2) because on average much more momentum is lost in a grain‐to‐bed collision than in a grain‐to‐grain one. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.