WRF模式中的微物理过程及其预报对比试验

WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式系统是由许多美国研究部门及大学的科学家共同参与进行开发研究的新一代中尺度同化预报系统。本文主要对公开发布的WRF模式V2.0版本中使用的微物理过程方案进行简单介绍,并在国家气象中心建立的与T213中期预报模式相嵌套的预报系统的基础上,对不同微物理过程方案进行了降水预报对比试验和检验,对各方案的降水预报性能进行初步评估。试验结果表明,总体预报效果LIN方案较好,而对流参数化方案从降水落区预报和对流降水对总降水的贡献两方面看则是KF和NKF方案的预报效果较好。     

一次局地性暴雪的数值模拟及分析

采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2005年12月6-7日发生在威海北部沿海的一次暴雪天气进行数值模拟分析,结果表明:WRF数值模式能够较好的模拟出冷流降雪的发生、发展状况,同时发现低层风向的连续波动是产生胶东半岛北部暴雪的主要动力原因,同时较大的海陆温差和胶东半岛北部有利的地形也是发生这次冷流降雪的不可缺少的原因.     

北京地区夏季边界层结构日变化的高分辨模拟对比

使用WRF中尺度数值模式, 分别选用两种不同的边界层参数化方案 (MYJ, YSU) 和3种陆面参数化方案 (SLAB, Noah, RUC), 对2004年7月1日08:00—7月4日20:00 (北京时) 北京地区夏季边界层结构进行1 km的高分辨模拟。对比分析了近地面层风场、温度场以及边界层的日变化特征, 结果发现:WRF模式基本模拟出了北京夏季边界层的日变化特征; 在边界层方案中, MYJ方案描述的边界层结构较YSU方案合理; Noah陆面模式较好地反映了城市的热岛效应; 无降水时, 风速及边界层高度对于陆面过程不敏感, 而降水发生后, 陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大; 各方案模拟的城区风速明显偏大, 这是因为没有充分考虑城市建筑物的阻力作用。     

用WRF与MM5模拟1998年三次暴雨过程的对比分析

使用NCAR和NOAA的新一代中尺度模式WRF(WeatherResearchandForecast)和UCAR/PSU的MM5 (v3)模式 ,对 1998年发生在中国的三次强降水过程 ,即 5月的 1次华南暴雨过程 ,7月初的 1次淮河流域暴雨过程和 7月下旬的 1次长江流域暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明 ,WRF模式能够成功模拟这几次不同性质的降水过程 ;与MM5对比 ,WRF更好地模拟了引起这几次降水过程中的主要天气系统的位置和移动过程 ,从而使WRF模拟的降水落区好于MM5。但在这几次过程中WRF模拟的降水都较MM 5为小 ,也小于实况值 ,分析可见 ,WRF模拟的垂直速度明显小于MM5的模拟结果 ,这可能是导致模拟的降水偏小的原因之一。     

2003年6月24～25日江南特大暴雨数值模拟和诊断分析

采用NCAR、NCEP和FSL／NOAA等共同研制的新一代细网格WRF中尺度数值模式，对2003年6月24～25日江南地区出现的一次特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟，并利用模式输出的高分辨率动力协调资料进行了初步诊断分析。结果表明：WRF模式比较成功地再现了高低空环流形势的演变及暴雨带的分布特征；低层切变线上分布不均匀的辐合区，中低层正涡度区、高层负涡度区的配置有利于造成较强烈的中尺度上升运动；同时有很强的湿度锋区，大气处于不稳定状态。分析发现，沿850hPa切变线的局地风暴相对螺旋度与暴雨有很好的对应关系。     

Move a Tropical Cyclone with 4D-Var and Vortex Dynamical Initialization in WRF Model

Previous studies showed that 4 D-Var technique used for data assimilation could be modified for weather control. This study demonstrates the ability of 4 D-Var to influence the future path of a tropical cyclone by calculating perturbations in WRF simulation. Given the background error covariance matrix, the initial field is improved by the vortex dynamic initialization technique. Our results show that 4 D-Var can be applied to control the trajectory of simulated tropical cyclones by producing "optimal" perturbations. In the numerical simulation experiment of Typhoon Mitag in 2019, after this kind of weather control similar to data assimilation, the tropical cyclone moved obviously,and the damaging wind over the coastline weakened. The prediction results after the initial field modified by 4 D-Var have a great change, and the position of the tropical cyclone moved about 0.5° southeastward after assimilation,which misses the southeast coast of China. Moreover, the damaging wind is also weakened. Since the 4 D-Var is premised on the assumption that the model is perfect and does not consider the model error, then the research plan to consider model error and introduce new methods is discussed in the paper.     

多普勒雷达资料同化对北京“7.21”大暴雨过程模拟的影响

利用新一代中尺度预报模式WRFV3.6及其三维变分同化系统(WRF-3DVAR),对2012年7月21日北京地区的一次暴雨过程进行多普勒天气雷达径向风和反射率的同化试验研究,检验和探讨高时空分辨率多普勒天气雷达资料在改进模式初始场及提高对暴雨过程预报的准确率等方面的应用效果及意义。结果发现雷达资料同化能在初始场中加入反映产生降水的低层风场辐合的动力和锋前暖区充足的水汽条件的物理信息,可以在模式积分开始后改善初始场中水汽和风的分布,较快地模拟出局地对流系统的发生、发展,改善由于中尺度观测资料不足而造成的模式初始场里中尺度信息缺乏的问题。径向速度的同化增加了中尺度信息,对初始流场的调整较为显著,侧重于改进风场。而雷达反射率资料的同化对初始温、湿度场和强回波位置的调整更明显,侧重于改进湿度场。累计降水的预报结果显示,同化径向风资料对雨带的位置、范围有较好的改进,同化雷达反射率资料对暴雨强度的预报有明显的改善。通过降水ETS评分发现,同化常规观测试验相对于控制实验,对于5、15 mm和25 mm降水评分能增加0.1左右,径向风同化试验能增加0.2左右,反射率同化试验能增加0.3左右,而径向风加反射率试验增加的评分介于0.2～0.3。雷达资料对于提高定量降水预报的精确度有着重要作用。     

An Observing System Simulation Experiment to Assess the Potential Impact of a Virtual Mobile Communication Tower–based Observation Network on Weather Forecasting Accuracy in China. Part 1: Weather Stations with a Typical Mobile Tower Height of 40 m

The importance of a national or regional network of meteorological stations for improving weather predictions has been recognized for many years. Ground-based automatic weather stations typically observe weather at a height of 2-10 m above ground level(AGL); however, these observations may have two major shortcomings. Large portions of data cannot be used if the station height is significantly lower than the model surface level; and such observations may contain large representativity errors as near-surface observations are often affected by the local environment, such as nearby buildings and tall trees. With the recent introduction of a significant number of mobile communication towers that are typically over40 m AGL in China, a campaign has been proposed to use such towers to build a future observing system with an observing height of 40 m. A series of observing system simulation experiments has been conducted to assess the potential utility of such a future observing system as part of a feasibility study. The experiments were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and its Rapid Update Cycle data assimilation system. The results revealed the possibility of improving weather forecasting by raising present weather stations to a height of 40 m; this would not only enable more observations to pass the terrain check, but should also reduce interpolation errors. Additionally, improvements for temperature, humidity and wind forecasting could be achieved as the accuracy of the initial conditions increases.     

京津冀地区无人机航路气象因子高分辨率模拟分析

京津冀地区低空环境复杂多变,低空飞行安全受到雷暴、风切变、能见度、温度和湿度等气象因子的影响,准确地模拟和预报无人机低空航路上的气象要素是一个难题。基于中尺度天气预报模式(WRF)及其先进的三维变分同化系统(3D-Var),论文以2016年华北“7·20”特大暴雨作为研究案例,对京津冀地区无人机低空航路上的温度场、湿度场和风场进行资料同化与数值模拟,对比地面观测资料和数值模拟结果,分析其结构及特征,以期为京津冀地区无人机航路飞行安全保障提供参考。结果表明：WRF模式能够较好地模拟出该地区近地面温度、湿度和风速的日变化趋势。平原站点(天津和密云)模拟值与观测值的均方根误差(RMSE)和偏差(Bias)较小,风速在山区的模拟值偏大,平原地区的模拟效果优于北部和西部山区。强降水发生时,平原地区和山区的温度相差15 ℃左右,相对湿度达95%以上,边界层高度低于500 m,强烈的温差、较高的湿度和较低的边界层都会影响无人机的飞行安全。900 hPa高空,沿117°E经线在河北省廊坊—衡水一线出现超过10 m·s^-1的风速值,形成强劲的东北风,区域北部(39°N~40.5°N)出现了明显的上升气流,1000 m高度处垂直风速也超过2 m·s^-1。强烈的上升气流极不利于无人机的飞行,会对无人机飞行姿态和飞行高度产生重大影响,造成安全隐患。     

Recent trends of extreme temperature indices for the Iberian Peninsula

Climate change and extreme climate events have a significant impact on societies and ecosystems. As a result, climate change projections, especially related with extreme temperature events, have gained increasing importance due to their impacts on the well-being of the population and ecosystems. However, most studies in the field are based on coarse global climate models (GCMs). In this study, we perform a high resolution downscaling simulation to evaluate recent trends of extreme temperature indices. The model used was Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) forced by MPI-ESM-LR, which has been shown to be one of the more robust models to simulate European climate. The domain used in the simulations includes the Iberian Peninsula and the simulation covers the 1986–2005 period (i.e. recent past). In order to study extreme temperature events, trends were computed using the Theil-Sen method for a set of temperature indexes defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). For this, daily values of minimum and maximum temperatures were used. The trends of the indexes were computed for annual and seasonal values and the Mann-Kendall Trend test was used to evaluate their statistical significance. In order to validate the results, a second simulation, in which WRF was forced by ERA-Interim, was performed. The results suggest an increase in the number of warm days and warm nights, especially during summer and negative trends for cold nights and cold days for the summer and spring. For the winter, contrary to the expected, the results suggest an increase in cold days and cold nights (warming hiatus). This behavior is supported by the WRF simulation forced by ERA-Interim for the autumn days, pointing to an extension of the warming hiatus phenomenon to the remaining seasons. These results should be used with caution since the period used to calculate the trends may not be long enough for this purpose. However, the general sign of trends are similar for both simulations despite some differences in their magnitudes.