基于三种WRF陆面过程方案的东南亚毁林增温响应研究

选取东南亚中南半岛地区作为模拟区域,基于高分辨率的遥感观测森林变化数据和WRF数值模式,设计毁林前后的两种情景对旱季气候进行模拟,评估NoahMP、CLM和Noah mosaic三种陆面过程方案对热带毁林增温响应的模拟能力。结果表明,CLM方案在模拟历史气温中有着更好的表现,Noah mosaic方案的结果存在明显低估。然而,对比毁林前后两种情景的模拟结果,本文发现,只有采用了"次格网"方式的Noah mosaic方案较好地模拟出毁林增温响应特征。在格网尺度采用"主导类型"计算方式的NoahMP方案没有合理地呈现出森林损失对区域气候的影响。理论上,CLM模式在计算中同时考虑格网内所有植被类型,然而本文发现CLM方案在主导类型不变的格网对森林损失比例不敏感,而且对毁林反馈的模拟结果与NoahMP方案的结果更接近。据此推测,在WRF模式耦合CLM方案的过程中,格网内参数处理方式可能产生了错误,实际采用的是"主导类型"方式。在模拟土地覆盖类型变化对气候的影响时,本文推荐使用Noah mosaic方案。同时,建议在未来版本的WRF模型中修正目前耦合的CLM方案关于次格网方法的处理方式,提供更合理的水热通量模拟。     

中尺度斜交不稳定的波动性质及其数值模拟

使用三维中小尺度扰动动力学方程组,讨论了一类与基本气流方向成任意夹角的纬向线状扰动的斜交不稳定问题,其主要分析结论如下:(1)在基本气流的切变为线性切变的情况下,可以发生斜交不稳定。但是发生斜交不稳定必须要求沿着线状扰动方向的基本气流存在切变或者垂直于线状扰动方向的基本气流存在切变。此时,斜交不稳定的波动性质是重力惯性内波,而不存在涡旋Rossby波。(2)对于基本气流具有非线性二阶切变的情形,此时斜交型不稳定中的扰动除了包含重力惯性内波之外,还包含了涡旋Rossby波。对于本文所讨论的纬向线状扰动来说,涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的经向风速V二次切变(β*=Vzz≠0),该涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流V0是单向传播的。在中尺度斜交不稳定中,涡旋Rossby波的产生主要是由于在与线状扰动相垂直的方向上存在基本气流的二阶切变,而与线状扰动相平行的方向上基本气流是否存在二阶切变无关。(3)对于通常讨论的纬向线状扰动的情况,在基本流场的南北风速V存在二次切变(β*=Vzz≠0)时,即与线状扰动相垂直的方向上存在基本气流的二阶切变,则斜交不稳定有可能是混合的涡旋Rossby—重力惯性内波的不稳定。最后采用WRF模式,对2006年6月的一次福建闽江暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,部分验证了上述结论。通过分析6月6日13时降水区域平均的东西方向风速U随高度变化的曲线,发现在950—100 hPa的大气中,纬向风速U随高度的变化具有二次切变,在对流层低层以及高层附近纬向风速较小,而在对流层中层400 hPa附近的纬向风速则较大。在这种情况下,平均纬向风速随高度变化的二阶导数不为零,因此激发产生沿着纬向传播的涡旋Rossby波,这对于暴雨区域中β中尺度雨团的移动起到比较重要的作用。再分析6月5日23时和6月6日13时的850 hPa以及500hPa降水区域平均纬向风随南北方向的变化,发现在6月5日23时和6月6日13时的850 hPa层次上,都显示出平均纬向风速在南北方向具有二次切变;而在这两个时次的500 hPa层次上,平均纬向风速在南北方向不具有二次切变,只具有线性切变。说明在垂直方向上,对流层低层涡旋Rossby波容易被激发产生;而在对流层中层以上,由于不具备产生涡旋Rossby波的条件,因此不容易激发产生涡旋Rossby波,波动只是具有重力惯性内波的特征。     

一次局地性暴雪的数值模拟及分析

采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2005年12月6-7日发生在威海北部沿海的一次暴雪天气进行数值模拟分析,结果表明:WRF数值模式能够较好的模拟出冷流降雪的发生、发展状况,同时发现低层风向的连续波动是产生胶东半岛北部暴雪的主要动力原因,同时较大的海陆温差和胶东半岛北部有利的地形也是发生这次冷流降雪的不可缺少的原因.     

北京地区夏季边界层结构日变化的高分辨模拟对比

使用WRF中尺度数值模式, 分别选用两种不同的边界层参数化方案 (MYJ, YSU) 和3种陆面参数化方案 (SLAB, Noah, RUC), 对2004年7月1日08:00—7月4日20:00 (北京时) 北京地区夏季边界层结构进行1 km的高分辨模拟。对比分析了近地面层风场、温度场以及边界层的日变化特征, 结果发现:WRF模式基本模拟出了北京夏季边界层的日变化特征; 在边界层方案中, MYJ方案描述的边界层结构较YSU方案合理; Noah陆面模式较好地反映了城市的热岛效应; 无降水时, 风速及边界层高度对于陆面过程不敏感, 而降水发生后, 陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大; 各方案模拟的城区风速明显偏大, 这是因为没有充分考虑城市建筑物的阻力作用。     

用WRF与MM5模拟1998年三次暴雨过程的对比分析

使用NCAR和NOAA的新一代中尺度模式WRF(WeatherResearchandForecast)和UCAR/PSU的MM5 (v3)模式 ,对 1998年发生在中国的三次强降水过程 ,即 5月的 1次华南暴雨过程 ,7月初的 1次淮河流域暴雨过程和 7月下旬的 1次长江流域暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明 ,WRF模式能够成功模拟这几次不同性质的降水过程 ;与MM5对比 ,WRF更好地模拟了引起这几次降水过程中的主要天气系统的位置和移动过程 ,从而使WRF模拟的降水落区好于MM5。但在这几次过程中WRF模拟的降水都较MM 5为小 ,也小于实况值 ,分析可见 ,WRF模拟的垂直速度明显小于MM5的模拟结果 ,这可能是导致模拟的降水偏小的原因之一。     

2003年6月24～25日江南特大暴雨数值模拟和诊断分析

采用NCAR、NCEP和FSL／NOAA等共同研制的新一代细网格WRF中尺度数值模式，对2003年6月24～25日江南地区出现的一次特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟，并利用模式输出的高分辨率动力协调资料进行了初步诊断分析。结果表明：WRF模式比较成功地再现了高低空环流形势的演变及暴雨带的分布特征；低层切变线上分布不均匀的辐合区，中低层正涡度区、高层负涡度区的配置有利于造成较强烈的中尺度上升运动；同时有很强的湿度锋区，大气处于不稳定状态。分析发现，沿850hPa切变线的局地风暴相对螺旋度与暴雨有很好的对应关系。     

Move a Tropical Cyclone with 4D-Var and Vortex Dynamical Initialization in WRF Model

Previous studies showed that 4 D-Var technique used for data assimilation could be modified for weather control. This study demonstrates the ability of 4 D-Var to influence the future path of a tropical cyclone by calculating perturbations in WRF simulation. Given the background error covariance matrix, the initial field is improved by the vortex dynamic initialization technique. Our results show that 4 D-Var can be applied to control the trajectory of simulated tropical cyclones by producing "optimal" perturbations. In the numerical simulation experiment of Typhoon Mitag in 2019, after this kind of weather control similar to data assimilation, the tropical cyclone moved obviously,and the damaging wind over the coastline weakened. The prediction results after the initial field modified by 4 D-Var have a great change, and the position of the tropical cyclone moved about 0.5° southeastward after assimilation,which misses the southeast coast of China. Moreover, the damaging wind is also weakened. Since the 4 D-Var is premised on the assumption that the model is perfect and does not consider the model error, then the research plan to consider model error and introduce new methods is discussed in the paper.     

An Observing System Simulation Experiment to Assess the Potential Impact of a Virtual Mobile Communication Tower–based Observation Network on Weather Forecasting Accuracy in China. Part 1: Weather Stations with a Typical Mobile Tower Height of 40 m

The importance of a national or regional network of meteorological stations for improving weather predictions has been recognized for many years. Ground-based automatic weather stations typically observe weather at a height of 2-10 m above ground level(AGL); however, these observations may have two major shortcomings. Large portions of data cannot be used if the station height is significantly lower than the model surface level; and such observations may contain large representativity errors as near-surface observations are often affected by the local environment, such as nearby buildings and tall trees. With the recent introduction of a significant number of mobile communication towers that are typically over40 m AGL in China, a campaign has been proposed to use such towers to build a future observing system with an observing height of 40 m. A series of observing system simulation experiments has been conducted to assess the potential utility of such a future observing system as part of a feasibility study. The experiments were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and its Rapid Update Cycle data assimilation system. The results revealed the possibility of improving weather forecasting by raising present weather stations to a height of 40 m; this would not only enable more observations to pass the terrain check, but should also reduce interpolation errors. Additionally, improvements for temperature, humidity and wind forecasting could be achieved as the accuracy of the initial conditions increases.     

京津冀地区无人机航路气象因子高分辨率模拟分析

京津冀地区低空环境复杂多变,低空飞行安全受到雷暴、风切变、能见度、温度和湿度等气象因子的影响,准确地模拟和预报无人机低空航路上的气象要素是一个难题。基于中尺度天气预报模式(WRF)及其先进的三维变分同化系统(3D-Var),论文以2016年华北“7·20”特大暴雨作为研究案例,对京津冀地区无人机低空航路上的温度场、湿度场和风场进行资料同化与数值模拟,对比地面观测资料和数值模拟结果,分析其结构及特征,以期为京津冀地区无人机航路飞行安全保障提供参考。结果表明：WRF模式能够较好地模拟出该地区近地面温度、湿度和风速的日变化趋势。平原站点(天津和密云)模拟值与观测值的均方根误差(RMSE)和偏差(Bias)较小,风速在山区的模拟值偏大,平原地区的模拟效果优于北部和西部山区。强降水发生时,平原地区和山区的温度相差15 ℃左右,相对湿度达95%以上,边界层高度低于500 m,强烈的温差、较高的湿度和较低的边界层都会影响无人机的飞行安全。900 hPa高空,沿117°E经线在河北省廊坊—衡水一线出现超过10 m·s^-1的风速值,形成强劲的东北风,区域北部(39°N~40.5°N)出现了明显的上升气流,1000 m高度处垂直风速也超过2 m·s^-1。强烈的上升气流极不利于无人机的飞行,会对无人机飞行姿态和飞行高度产生重大影响,造成安全隐患。     

Recent trends of extreme temperature indices for the Iberian Peninsula

Climate change and extreme climate events have a significant impact on societies and ecosystems. As a result, climate change projections, especially related with extreme temperature events, have gained increasing importance due to their impacts on the well-being of the population and ecosystems. However, most studies in the field are based on coarse global climate models (GCMs). In this study, we perform a high resolution downscaling simulation to evaluate recent trends of extreme temperature indices. The model used was Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) forced by MPI-ESM-LR, which has been shown to be one of the more robust models to simulate European climate. The domain used in the simulations includes the Iberian Peninsula and the simulation covers the 1986–2005 period (i.e. recent past). In order to study extreme temperature events, trends were computed using the Theil-Sen method for a set of temperature indexes defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). For this, daily values of minimum and maximum temperatures were used. The trends of the indexes were computed for annual and seasonal values and the Mann-Kendall Trend test was used to evaluate their statistical significance. In order to validate the results, a second simulation, in which WRF was forced by ERA-Interim, was performed. The results suggest an increase in the number of warm days and warm nights, especially during summer and negative trends for cold nights and cold days for the summer and spring. For the winter, contrary to the expected, the results suggest an increase in cold days and cold nights (warming hiatus). This behavior is supported by the WRF simulation forced by ERA-Interim for the autumn days, pointing to an extension of the warming hiatus phenomenon to the remaining seasons. These results should be used with caution since the period used to calculate the trends may not be long enough for this purpose. However, the general sign of trends are similar for both simulations despite some differences in their magnitudes.