Petrology and geochemistry of Early Tertiary volcanism of the Mendejin area,Iran, and implications for magma genesis and tectonomagmatic setting

The Mendejin area, NW Iran, is part of the western Alborz-Azarbaijan zone which is one of the most structurally—and magmatically-active zones of Iran. Volcanic rocks with calc-alkaline and, locally, alkaline features cover an extensive part of this zone. The Mendejin volcanic rocks, Eocene-Oligocene in age, include tuffs and volcanoclastic rocks of dacite, andesite, basaltic andesite, and basalt composition. Felsic (andesite, dacite, and rhyodacite) and basic rocks (basalt, basaltic andesite and andesite) commonly occur in successive layers. This alternation along with multiple occurrences of various types of tuffs suggests prolonged and successive magmatic activity during Eocene-Oligocene in NW Iran. Fractional crystallization has been the most important factor controlling geochemical characteristics of the magma. However, absence of linear correlations on variation diagrams of some immobile elements (such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, P₂O₅ and Ga) and poorly-developed trends on variation diagrams of Na₂O, MgO, MnO, CaO, Fe₂O₃, Nb, Nd, Y, La, Ce, Th, Hf, Sc, Zn, V, Ni and Co versus SiO₂ indicate that, other than crystal (olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, zircon, monazite and apatite) fractionation, crustal processes (such as assimilation) have also affected the chemistry of the Mendejin magma. It appears that the basic magma has originated from the mantle whereas the felsic magma resulted from modification in the mantle-derived magma by assimilation in an active continental margin.     

火山岩风化壳地层型油气藏评价预测方法研究——以新疆北部石炭系为例

针对火山岩风化壳地层型油气藏强非均质性,评价预测难度大,勘探成功率低等难题,本文采用重磁电剥层处理、沿层延拓信号增强反演方法有效顶测区域火山岩分布;建立风化淋滤剥蚀后不同岩石组合的不完整火山机构和形态识别模式,利用相干体和振幅分析等方法有效识别火山岩目标;在建立单次火山喷发岩石序列及储层分布模式基础上,开发了基于次生溶...     

准噶尔盆地陆东-五彩湾地区石炭系火山岩电性与地震响应特征

勘探实践证实,准噶尔盆地石炭系已成为一套现实勘探层系;陆东-五彩湾地区石炭系火山岩体规模大、分布广,是重要的天然气储集体;火山岩储层有效性主要受不整合、岩性、岩相控制,识别火山结构、火山岩岩性、岩相成为判别储层有效性的关键.由于主要目的层巴塔玛依内山组特殊的三段式火山岩组合层序结构,为通过测井、地震物探手段识别火山岩岩...     

准噶尔盆地东缘火山岩综合地球物理勘探

通过野外露头、钻井获取大量沉积地层、沉积岩、火山岩地球物理参数,初步分析火山岩重力、磁力、电阻率分布规律.以1∶5万高精度重、磁力资料及电法MT资料为基础,开展基于小波多尺度分析的重磁异常垂向二次导数对石炭系火山岩异常体边界进行约束,结合残差法模型反演提取电性异常体及二维地震解释石炭系火山岩地震相分析,开展综合地球物理勘探.石炭系火山岩主要属性特征为重力高、磁力高、高电阻;局部为重力中高、磁力高、中低电阻,对应的地震反射波阻外形呈扇状,内幕同相轴为中振幅、中高频、弱连续的火山岩储集体.研究区共解释石炭系有利火山岩体10个,受控于EW向断裂,为火山岩油气勘探有利区带.     

Revised stratigraphy and eruption rates of Ceboruco stratovolcano and surrounding monogenetic vents (Nayarit,Mexico) from historical documents and new radiocarbon dates

More than a dozen new radiocarbon dates reconstruct the eruptive history of Ceboruco volcano. Six of these further constrain previous results for the important plinian Jala eruption, which occurred near 1060 ± 55 yr BP. A calibrated radiocarbon age of AD 990–1020 was obtained as best overlap range for all samples. Pottery fragments found directly underneath the pumice deposit indicate that this area was inhabited by human populations that witnessed the eruption. This age therefore represents an important time marker in the prehistory of this region, because an area of > 560 km2 was devastated and covered by a thickness of > 50 cm of pumice and ash fallout.     

New physical characterization of the Fontana Lapilli basaltic Plinian eruption,Nicaragua

The Fontana Lapilli deposit was erupted in the late Pleistocene from a vent, or multiple vents, located near Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) and is the product of one of the largest basaltic Plinian eruptions studied so far. This eruption evolved from an initial sequence of fluctuating fountain-like events and moderately explosive pulses to a sustained Plinian episode depositing fall beds of highly vesicular basaltic-andesite scoria (SiO₂ > 53 wt%). Samples show unimodal grain size distribution and a moderate sorting that are uniform in time. The juvenile component predominates (> 96 wt%) and consists of vesicular clasts with both sub-angular and fluidal, elongated shapes. We obtain a maximum plume height of 32 km and an associated mass eruption rate of 1.4 × 10⁸ kg s⁻¹ for the Plinian phase. Estimates of erupted volume are strongly sensitive to the technique used for the calculation and to the distribution of field data. Our best estimate for the erupted volume of the majority of the climactic Plinian phase is between 2.9 and 3.8 km³ and was obtained by applying a power-law fitting technique with different integration limits. The estimated eruption duration varies between 4 and 6 h. Marine-core data confirm that the tephra thinning is better fitted by a power-law than by an exponential trend.     

Walking through volcanic mud: the 2,100-year-old Acahualinca footprints (Nicaragua)

We present the stratigraphy, lithology, volcanology, and age of the Acahualinca section in Managua, including a famous footprint layer exposed in two museum pits. The ca. 4-m-high walls of the main northern pit (Pit I) expose excellent cross sections of Late Holocene volcaniclastic deposits in northern Managua. We have subdivided the section into six lithostratigraphic units, some of which we correlate to Late Holocene eruptions. Unit I (1.2 m thick), chiefly of hydroclastic origin, begins with the footprint layer. The bulk is dominated by mostly massive basaltic-andesitic tephra layers, interpreted to represent separate pulses of a basically phreatomagmatic eruptive episode. We correlate these deposits based on compositional and stratigraphic evidence to the Masaya Triple Layer erupted at Masaya volcano ca. 2,120 ± 120 a B.P.. The eruption occurred during the dry season. A major erosional channel unconformity up to 1 m deep in the western half of Pit I separates Units II and I. Unit II begins with basal dacitic pumice lapilli up to 10 cm thick overlain by a massive to bedded fine-grained dacitic tuff including a layer of accretionary lapilli and pockets of well-rounded pumice lapilli. Angular nonvesicular glass shards are interpreted to represent hydroclastic fragmentation. The dacitic tephra is correlated unequivocally with the ca. 1.9-ka-Plinian dacitic Chiltepe eruption. Unit III, a lithified basaltic-andesitic deposit up to 50 cm thick and extremely rich in branch molds and excellent leaf impressions, is correlated with the Masaya Tuff erupted ca. 1.8 ka ago. Unit IV, a reworked massive basaltic-andesitic deposit, rich in brown tuff clasts and well bedded and cross bedded in the northwestern corner of Pit I, cuts erosionally down as far as Unit I. A poorly defined, pale brown mass flow deposit up to 1 m thick (Unit V) is overlain by 1–1.5 m of dominantly reworked, chiefly basaltic tephra topped by soil (Unit VI). A major erosional channel carved chiefly between deposition of Units II and I may have existed as a shallow drainage channel even prior to deposition of the footprint layer. The swath of the footprints is oriented NNW, roughly parallel to, and just east of, the axis of the channel. The interpretation of the footprint layer as the initial product of a powerful eruption at Masaya volcano followed without erosional breaks by additional layers of the same eruptive phase is strong evidence that the group of 15 or 16 people tried to escape from an eruption.     

Lava flow hazard at Nyiragongo volcano,D.R.C.

The 2002 eruption of Nyiragongo volcano constitutes the most outstanding case ever of lava flow in a big town. It also represents one of the very rare cases of direct casualties from lava flows, which had high velocities of up to tens of kilometer per hour. As in the 1977 eruption, which is the only other eccentric eruption of the volcano in more than 100 years, lava flows were emitted from several vents along a N–S system of fractures extending for more than 10 km, from which they propagated mostly towards Lake Kivu and Goma, a town of about 500,000 inhabitants. We assessed the lava flow hazard on the entire volcano and in the towns of Goma (D.R.C.) and Gisenyi (Rwanda) through numerical simulations of probable lava flow paths. Lava flow paths are computed based on the steepest descent principle, modified by stochastically perturbing the topography to take into account the capability of lava flows to override topographic obstacles, fill topographic depressions, and spread over the topography. Code calibration and the definition of the expected lava flow length and vent opening probability distributions were done based on the 1977 and 2002 eruptions. The final lava flow hazard map shows that the eastern sector of Goma devastated in 2002 represents the area of highest hazard on the flanks of the volcano. The second highest hazard sector in Goma is the area of propagation of the western lava flow in 2002. The town of Gisenyi is subject to moderate to high hazard due to its proximity to the alignment of fractures active in 1977 and 2002. In a companion paper (Chirico et al., Bull Volcanol, in this issue, 2008) we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of reducing lava flow hazard through the construction of protective barriers, and formulate a proposal for the future development of the town of Goma.     

长白山地区火山机构信息系统的建立

长白山火山机构信息系统是在系统设计与分析基础上建立的,共有5个模块组成:①长白山地区火山岩岩石化学数据库系统;②常量元素岩石化学分析系统;③微量元素岩石化学分析系统;④长白山火山构造信息系统;⑤长白山地区岩性岩相信息系统。数据库系统模块用VB语言开发完成;分析系统模块(2个)的建立是通过界面设计、结构分析、编程实现的;火山机构信息系统及岩性、岩相信息系统模块是在Mapinfo软件的支持下完成的。