东太平洋海隆13°N附近沉积物中类脂化合物的分布特征及其对热液活动的指示

深海热液区的热液物质喷发扩散会对周围海底的沉积物产生影响,研究沉积物中类脂物有助于进一步了解热液活动对其产生的影响.对东太平洋海隆西翼13°N附近E271和E272站位沉积物中的正构烷烃和脂肪酸进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析.在两个站位的沉积物中检测到链长C11—C 35的正构烷烃,其以双峰型分布为主,其中短链...     

Reproductive and feeding spatial dynamics of the black scabbardfish,Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839, in NE Atlantic inferred from fatty acid and stable isotope analyses

The black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) is a benthopelagic species widely distributed across the NE Atlantic, where it is admitted to perform a clockwise migration throughout its life cycle stimulated by feeding and reproduction. To overcome the limitations of direct observation of this species, fatty acids profile (FA) and δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C stable isotopes (SI) were analyzed in the muscle tissue of the black scabbardfish and related with diet and maturity. Specimens were collected in four geographic areas in the NE Atlantic: Iceland, the west of the British Isles, mainland Portugal, and Madeira. For all areas, the FA profile was related with the different phases of the reproductive cycle and with diet, whereas the SI were related with diet, environmental characteristics, such as latitude and depth, and particulate organic matter (POM). Stomach content of black scabbardfish caught off mainland Portugal was analyzed and the most frequent prey item identified was the lophogastrid crustacean Gnathophausia zoea, followed by the cephalopod Mastigotheutis spp. and the teleost Rouleina maderensis. For specimens from Iceland and the west of the British Isles, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the most important FA, followed by polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated FA (SFA), whereas for specimens from mainland Portugal and from Madeira the sequences were PUFA>MUFA>SFA and PUFA>SFA>MUFA, respectively. Immature specimens from the first three areas were found to be accumulating oleic acid which is an intermediate product of the metabolic pathway that transforms SFA to MUFA and these into PUFA. Specimens caught off Madeira were mature and showed a significant prevalence of ARA and DHA which are PUFA with an important role in reproduction. δ¹⁵N was significantly higher in the muscle of black scabbardfish from Madeira, whereas δ¹³C was significantly lower in specimens from Iceland. The low isotopic ratios as well as the prevalence of certain fatty acid trophic markers (FATM) connected specimens from Iceland with small prey. Results indicated that the spatial differences in physiological aspects of this species are related with diet and prey availability in Madeira, mainland Portugal, and the west of the British Isles, as well as variations in the baseline values of the primary production that are related with latitude and depth, mainly in Iceland. The allometric effect of each area׳s size ranges over δ¹⁵N supports the existence of ontogenic differences in the black scabbardfish׳s diet. This diet is typical of mobile benthopelagic predators that are opportunistic feeders.     

Comparison in nutritional quality between wild and cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis

In this study, the proximate composition and the amino and fatty acid profi les of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei(prey) and wild and cultured cuttlefi sh Sepia pharaonis(the latter fed the prey) were determined and compared with FAO/WHO recommendations. The resulting scores for isoleucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, histidine, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan in cultured cuttlefi sh were ≥150. The ratio of EAA(essential amino acids)/nonessential amino acids in cultured cuttlefi sh(0.82) was higher than in the wild form(0.80). All EAA amino acid scores for cultured cuttlefi sh were higher than their wild counterparts, except for histidine and tryptophan. Both groups of cuttlefi sh possessed similar saturated fatty acid content, with the cultured containing much more total(Σ) monounsaturated fatty acids, Σ n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA), and eicosapentaenoic acid(C20:5 n-3) but less Σ n-3 PUFA, arachidonic acid(C20:4 n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid(C22:6 n-3) than their wild counterparts. Therefore, the present results suggest that these cultured cuttlefi sh were better than the wild form for human health. Notably, these results also indicate that the nutritional composition of these cuttlefi sh might have been signifi cantly affected by diet.     

不同前处理方法对微拟球藻脂肪酸组成的影响

采用直接甲酯化、乙醚抽提、正己烷提取等3种方法对微拟球藻进行前处理,用索氏法提取油脂,经气相色谱分析,对比前处理方法对微拟球藻油脂提取率及脂肪酸组分的影响。结果表明:乙醚提取藻粉油脂的提取率(微藻的油脂质量分数)为12.70%,正己烷提取藻粉油脂的提取率为11.00%,乙醚提取油脂的提取率大于正己烷的提取率;直接甲酯化后测得微拟球藻脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFAs)质量分数为20.04%,多不饱和脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid,EPA)含量最丰富,占总脂肪酸13.0%;经过乙醚和正己烷提取后的油脂,脂肪酸组成更加简单,PUFAs含量明显增加,乙醚提取油脂EPA含量是直接甲脂化法的2.3倍,正己烷提取所得油脂EPA含量是直接甲脂化法的2.08倍。     

两种微藻对中华哲水蚤繁殖的影响——基于饵料生化组成分析

在春季,以中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻培养中华哲水蚤,以饥饿培养作为对照,测定了饵料的脂肪酸和挥发性不饱和醛类的组成和含量、雌体的产卵率和卵的孵化率,试图探讨藻类生化组成对桡足类繁殖的影响。结果表明,中肋骨条藻单不饱和脂肪酸、?16脂肪酸的含量相对较高,而海洋原甲藻则具有更高含量的总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、?ω3、?ω6、?18脂肪酸。中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻分别测得了6种和3种不饱和醛类,二者醛类总含量分别为1438.95μg/g和114.58μg/g。在饥饿的情况下,中华哲水蚤的产卵会停止。中华哲水蚤在中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻培养下并没有表现出产卵率和孵化率的差异,一方面说明并非所有的硅藻都会对桡足类的繁殖产生抑制作用,另一方面说明藻类进入桡足类体内以后并未因其生化组成的差异对卵的孵化产生影响。中肋骨条藻培养下中华哲水蚤具有更高的死亡率,表明硅藻在浓度较高时会对桡足类的存活产生影响。     

红树林下人工笼养中华乌塘鳢(Bostrychus sinensis)肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

红树林因其独特的生长环境,具有重要的生态、经济和社会意义。中华乌塘鳢(Bostrychus sinensis)是我国优良的养殖品种。为提高红树林的生态与经济效益,对红树林下中华乌塘鳢铁笼养殖技术进行研究探讨,并分析比较红树林下养殖鱼、光滩笼养鱼与野生鱼肌肉的营养成分。结果显示:以上各组鱼体的粗蛋白含量均较高(74.65%~83.08%),粗脂肪含量较低(0.89%~1.63%),其中红树林下养殖鱼的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别高于光滩养殖鱼;各组实验鱼的氨基酸总量(71.72%~79.27%)、鲜味氨基酸总量(29.03%~30.92%)、必需氨基酸总量(27.47%~31.57%)、非必需氨基酸总量(44.25%~47.69%)均以野生鱼为最高,光滩投饵组最低,红树林下养殖组高于光滩养殖组;各组实验鱼肌肉必需氨基酸指数EAAI均较高(66.83~74.90),限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和(蛋+胱)氨酸,支链氨基酸总量/芳香族氨基酸总量(F值)为2.17~2.22;红树林下养殖鱼肌肉中的n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸含量和(EPA+DHA)含量均分别高于光滩养殖鱼,红树林下养殖的中华乌塘鳢肌肉脂肪酸组成比光滩养殖鱼具有更高的营养价值。     

鳐鱼肝油的制备及其脂肪酸组成分析

本研究采用冷冻 解冻的方法提取鳐鱼肝粗脂肪油,并利用响应面法优化了精炼过程中影响较大的脱酸工艺,分析了精炼后鳐鱼肝油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成及含量变化。结果表明：使用5%(质量分数)脱胶剂脱胶,20%(质量分数)氢氧化钠、75 ℃加热20 min进行脱酸,8%(质量分数)活性白土脱色,以及减压蒸馏(60 r/min,40 ℃)60 min脱臭的鳐鱼肝油精炼工艺为最优精炼工艺条件,所得精炼鳐鱼肝油呈色及各项理化性质均符合国家一级鱼油标准。脂肪酸组成与粗鳐鱼肝油、鳕鱼肝油以及鲨鱼肝油无明显差别,均含有C14~C22脂肪酸23种,但在含量上存在一定差别,其中精炼鳐鱼肝油中EPA含量为8.65%,低于粗鳐鱼肝油(10.17%),远高于鲨鱼肝油(2.74%),约等于鳕鱼肝油(8.78%)。精炼鳐鱼肝油中DHA含量则为最高,为15.04%。     

VUV photochemistry of small biomolecules

We review our recent results on the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photochemistry of small biomolecules. The experimental techniques used, mass spectrometry and photofragment fluorescence spectroscopy, are described. Emphasis is laid on our mass spectrometric results obtained for five nucleic acid bases and five amino acids. Ionisation and appearance energies are determined from photoionisation mass spectrometry, many for the first time. From this, fragmentation pathways following 6-22 eV photoexciation are derived. The adiabatic ionisation energies of the biomolecules studied lie between 8.2 eV (adenine) and 9.6 eV (α-amino-isobutyric acid). We show that the nucleic acid monocations, and chemically related molecular cations, do not fragment even when formed with large internal energies (E_int) ranging from 1.80 to 5.35 eV. In contrast, amino acid monocations are unstable and rapid fragmentation occurs via rupture of the CC(OOH) bond, except for β-alanine, where rupture of the bond between the α-C and β-C is the lowest lying ionic dissociation channel. The VUV photochemistry of the prebiotic species formic acid, acetic acid and methylformate, studied in more detail previously by several techniques, including fluorescence spectroscopy, is also reviewed. Astrophysical implications of our work are discussed in the conclusion.     

Dissolution experiment and transformation condition analysis of Paleogene aragonite in the Jiyang Depression,China

In general, aragonite exists as a metastable carbonate mineral under near-surface conditions, and is commonly transformed into calcite under the subsurface and during diagenesis. It is thus seldom found in sedimentary rocks, but aragonite is common in the Paleogene lacustrine shales in the Jiyang Depression in eastern China. Dissolution experiments were conducted on the Paleogene aragonite-enriched and calcite-enriched shales at different temperatures, pressures and acetic acid concentrations, and in different types of solution. The results show that aragonite is insoluble in the in situ formation water but dissolved more readily under acetic acid conditions than calcite with the degree of dissolution increasing with increasing temperature, pressure and acetic acid concentrations. During the shallow burial diagenesis of the Paleogene sediment sequence in the Jiyang Depression, aragonite was relatively stable and was not dissolved by the connate pore water in the shales. Increasing burial (temperature) and maturity of the organic matter produced large amounts of organic acids that accelerated the dissolution of aragonite. In the late stage, as the organic matter became over-matured, the pore water changed from acidic to alkaline, and calcite precipitated from the carbonate-rich solution. Therefore, the conditions provided by organic acids enabled the conversion of aragonite to calcite during sedimentary diagenesis in the Paleogene lacustrine shales in the Jiyang Depression. This transformation corresponded to the thermal evolution of the organic matter within the shale sequence.     

开垦对荒漠土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型流域（玛纳斯河、吉木萨尔河、三工河、四工河、水磨河）的绿洲农田与毗邻荒漠土壤为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）方法分析不同开垦年限的土壤微生物生物量、群落结构、多样性变化特征。结果表明：荒漠开垦后,土壤微生物总PLFA含量、真菌PLFA、细菌PLFA、革兰氏阳性菌（G⁺）和革兰氏阴性菌（G^-）PLFA含量均显著增加。荒漠开垦5 a内,细菌PLFA与G^-PLFA增长更强烈,使得真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值降低了48%,G⁺PLFA/G^-PLFA比值（革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA比值）降低了67%。但随着开垦年限的延长,这两个比值没有显著变化,表明与开垦年限相比,荒漠的开垦行为对土壤微生物群落结构有着更加强烈的影响。随着开垦年限的增加,土壤微生物群落多样性总体呈上升趋势。虽然荒漠在开垦50 a后多样性指数略有下降,但仍远高于荒漠土壤。土壤微生物总PLFA含量和大部分菌群PLFA含量与土壤电导率显著负相关,与全氮和有机碳显著正相关。荒漠在开垦过程中灌溉增加了土壤水分且降低了土壤盐分,全氮和有机碳含量增加,这些改变是土壤微生物群落变化的主要原因。荒漠开垦有助于提高土壤微生物PLFA含量、改善土壤微生物的群落结构、丰富土壤微生物群落多样性,有利于土壤质量的提高。