基于地壳分层的震后变形分析

基于球体粘弹性地球模型，研究走滑断层、逆断层、张裂断层。顾及不同地壳分层结构的震后变形影响，定量分析了实际地壳分层模型与模拟均匀模型之间的地表变形差异。计算结果显示，地壳结构的不同对震后地表变形的差异影响很大，超过现有高精度测量技术的精度。     

Coupling between different layers of the lithosphere under horizontal drag underneath

Based on a layered rheological model of the lithosphere, the velocity and stress distributions in the lithosphere under horizontal drag underneath were calculated using viscoelastic finite element method of plain strain with finite deformation. In the simulation, different conditions of drag and blocking were assumed to study their influences on the stress distribution and the coupling between different layers. Blocking depth has little influence on the stress level in the whole area and the coupling between different layers, but influences the stress state in the area around the blocking. The area covered by the high stress anomaly becomes larger when the blocking depth becomes deeper, but the magnitude of the value of the maximum shear stress decreases. The greater the viscosity differences between different layers of the lithosphere, the greater the possibility of decoupling between them. Under the drag of normal mantle convection (the convection velocity is about 20 cm·a?1), a lithosphere with a rheological structure similar to that of North China could not have decoupling between different layers, while could have stress distribution with magnitude of several MPa to tens of MPa and could have anomalous areas with stress accumulation if the geological structure is complicated.     

Regularities of Layering of Basic–Ultrabasic Intrusions as the Result of Self-Organization Processes During the Course of Their Formation

A principal feature of stratiform basic-ultrabasic intrusions is alternation of rocks characterized by different proportions of the salic (plagioclase) and mafic (mainly pyroxene) constituents. Owing to considerable density variation of the components, density is attractive for use as a characteristic of the change of rock composition across the section. Five drill holes intersecting the contact of the Critical and Main zones of the intrusion (West Bushveld, South Africa) were analyzed over the depth interval containing deposits of chromium and platinum group minerals (PGM). Several types of density variability over different intervals of the section are identified. There are intervals where density increases and decreases monotonically and ones which are characterized by cyclic (rhythmic), or chaotic changes. Intervals with relatively constant (stable) values of density occur as well. The results of analysis of these regularities suggest a nonlinear oscillator described by a differential equation of the second order to be a workable mathematical model for the process of formation of a layered intrusion. Coefficients of the equation have been estimated for all five drill holes from the empirical series of densities by inverse methods. If it is accepted that crystallisation proceeded from the bottom upwards, the equation is consistent with a point attractor. The average values of coefficients of the equation (that seem to serve as criteria for distinguishing intrusions of different genesis) were calculated, and its stability for various intervals of the section was studied. After terms in the equation with negligibly small coefficients, the dispersion of which exceeds their values, have been omitted, the equation becomes very similar to the one proposed for dynamics of a supercooled melt. It allows certain assumptions to be made about the character of mutual relations of the signal being analyzed (the observed alternation of the rocks) with peculiarities of the petrogenetic process, inverse methods.     

主分量分析法在测井解释工作中的应用

主分量分析法(PCA)的数学原理是坐标转换,它将原变量变换成互不相关的变量。在实际应用中,它为综合解释法提供了一种变量组合的途径。从物理意义上来说,它可以求出各物理参数的权系数,从而判断出,在各个主分量中各个参数的贡献大小。这样,我们便可以有目的地选择各参数,利用主分量PCA曲线进行地质解释。本文概述了主分量分析法PCA的基本原理和自编的分析程序流程,并以新疆塔北地区为例,说明了分层、计算泥质含量及孔隙度的成果。应用实例表明,在测并解释工作中应用主分量PCA曲线可以取得更准确、更细致的效果。具体地说,在新疆塔北地区砂泥岩薄互层组上,可以用主分量PCA曲线进行薄互层组的地质解释。     

Vesicle layering in solidified intrusive magma bodies: a newly recognized type of igneous structure

 We report a novel type of layering structure in igneous rocks. The layering structure in the Ogi picrite sill in Sado Island, Japan, is spatially periodic, and appears to be caused by the variation in vesicle volume fraction. The gas phase forming the vesicles apparently exsolved from the interstitial melt at the final stage of solidification of the magma body. We call this type of layering caused by periodic vesiculation in the solidifying magma body "vesicle layering." The presence of vesicle layering in other basic igneous bodies (pillow lava at Ogi and dolerite sill at Atsumi, Japan) implies that it may be a fairly common igneous feature. The width of individual layers slightly, but regularly, increases with distance from the upper contact. The layering plane is perpendicular to the long axes of columnar joints, regardless of gravitational direction, suggesting that the formation of vesicles is mainly controlled by the temperature distribution in the cooling magma body. We propose a model of formation of vesicle layering which is basically the same as that for Liesegang rings. The interplay between the diffusion of heat and magmatic volatiles in melt, and the sudden vesiculation upon supersaturation, both play important roles. Received: 15 February 1996 / Accepted: 24 June 1996     

论壳内韧性流层及其构造表现

地球物理探测表明,在上地壳之下有一不均匀分布的壳内低速层,中地壳之中还有一些局部的低速层。现代破坏性地震震源主要集中于10～15km深处,相当于这一低速层之顶部,处于脆韧性过渡带内。从岩石变形的角度看,这个低速层是一个壳内的韧性流变层,以发育近水平的韧性剪切带和褶叠层构造为其特征。它在纵向上和横向上都是不均一的,代表了地壳尺度的韧性剪切带,在地壳构造的演化中起着极重要的作用。     

Linking variable explosion style and magma textures during 2002 at Stromboli volcano,Italy

Microtextural characteristics of fresh ejecta from Stromboli volcano were examined from three periods of differing eruption style and intensity in 2002. Activity shifted from relatively weak and infrequent ash-charged explosions during January through May into two broad cycles of waxing activity in June through late September, and late September through December, followed by the onset on 28 December of the 2002/2003 effusive eruption. Analyzed sets of lapilli from May, September/October, and 28 December show contrasts in the physical properties of magma resident in the shallow conduit during this range of activity. Three distinct textures are observed among the analyzed pyroclasts: low density (LD) with an abundance of subspherical bubbles, the presence of large, irregularly shaped bubbles, and a light-to-transparent glass matrix; transitional texture (TT) with an intermediate number of subspherical bubbles, a high frequency of large, irregularly-shaped bubbles, and a honey colored glass matrix; and high density (HD) with sparse relatively small bubbles, conspicuous large irregular bubbles, and a dark glass matrix. Observational and quantitative data (density, vesicle size) indicate that these textures are linked through variable residence time in Stromboli’s shallow conduit, with an ongoing evolution from LD to HD magma. Calculations suggest that residual LD magma will evolve to HD texture in a period of hours to days. Contrasting amounts of the LD, TT, and HD magmas are present in each sample, with the most TT in May, the most LD in September/October, and the most HD in December. This implies that the shallow magma had a different rheology at each collection period. The viscosity of LD and HD magmas are calculated to be in the range of 2,000 to 2,600 and 3,000 to 5,000 Pa s, respectively, which, with their changing proportions, must have implications for rates of bubble slug ascent and processes of fragmentation. This study suggests that an increasing maturity of magma in Stromboli’s shallow conduit (with resultant increase in viscosity) feeds back to reduce the intensity of explosions, whereas a steady flux of LD magma favors more powerful explosions.     

On the origin of microrhythmic layering in arfvedsonite lujavrite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland

Microrhythmic layering is locally developed in agpaitic arfvedsonite lujavrite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. Three–15-cm-thick laminated dark layers alternate with 1–10-cm-thick, light-coloured granular urtitic layers. Dark layers are uniform (isomodal) but the urtitic layers are enriched in early nepheline and eudialyte in their lower parts and in late analcime and REE phosphate minerals in the upper parts. The layers are separated by sharp contacts; they are draped around rafts from the overlying roof zone and lack structures indicative of current processes or post-cumulus deformation. Compared with the background arfvedsonite lujavrite of the complex, the dark layers are richer in sodalite, microcline and arfvedsonite and poorer in analcime and eudialyte. They have higher K₂O, Cl, FeO and S but lower Na₂O, H₂O⁺, Zr and P contents, the opposite of the light-coloured layers. The complementary chemistry of the two types of layers oscillates about the composition of the background arfvedsonite lujavrite. Layers probably formed in a stagnant bottom layer of the lujavrite magma chamber. Each layer started as a liquid layer which exchanged components with the underlying crystallization front. On cooling, it crystallized primocrysts and exchanged components with the overlying magma which became a new, complementary liquid layer and, during further cooling and burial within the sequence of layers, it underwent largely closed-system interstitial crystallization. Exhaustion of Cl and a sharp decrease in a_NaCl relative to a_H2O terminated the crystallization of a sodalite-rich dark layer and initiated abundant crystallization of nepheline in the overlying liquid layer (urtitic layer). The layered sequence represents a local K₂O-, Cl-rich but Na₂O-, H₂O-poor facies of arfvedsonite lujavrite and may have formed by exchanging components with sodalite-bearing rafts from the roof zone.