Accuracy analysis of vertical deflection data observed with the Hannover Digital Zenith Camera System TZK2-D

This paper analyses the accuracy of vertical deflection measurements carried out with the Digital Zenith Camera System TZK2-D, an astrogeodetic state-of-the-art instrumentation developed at the University of Hannover. During 107 nights over a period of 3.5 years, the system was used for repeated vertical deflection observations at a selected station in Hannover. The acquired data set consists of about 27,300 single measurements and covers 276 h of observation time, respectively. For the data collected at an earlier stage of development (2003 to 2004), the accuracy of the nightly mean values has been found to be about 0′′.10−0′′.12. Due to applying a refined observation strategy since 2005, the accuracy of the vertical deflection measurements was enhanced into the unprecedented range of 0′′.05 − 0′′.08. Accessing the accuracy level of 0′′.05 requires usually 1 h of observational data, while the 0′′.08 accuracy level is attained after 20 min measurement time. In comparison to the analogue era of geodetic astronomy, the accuracy of vertical deflection observations is significantly improved by about one order of magnitude.     

水平角观测时竖轴倾斜引起误差的改正方法探讨

对于水平角观测时垂直轴倾斜带来的影响,一是采用测回间重新整平的方法来削弱;二是在有竖盘指标水准管的情况下,读取格值施加改正数的方法来削弱。但这两种方法的精度有限,且对于无竖盘指标水准管的仪器目前没有提出相应的解决方法,＂虚拟目标法＂可以有效地解决这个问题。     

高密度电法在工程地质中的应用二例

硅灰石矿和水库工程地质中应用高密度电阻率法,资料数据处理快捷准确,推测拟断面成果可靠。     

Feasibility Analysis of the Use of Binary Genetic Algorithms as Importance Samplers Application to a 1-D DC Resistivity Inverse Problem

DC resistivity inverse problems are ill-posed. For the Vertical Electrical Sounding method the acceptable solutions lie in very narrow elongated-shape regions in the model space. To characterize this ensemble of solutions is a central question. In a Bayesian framework this issue is solved adopting as solution the so-called model posterior probability distribution. However, due to the nonlinearity of the problem, this distribution is not explicitly known, or it is difficult to calculate. Therefore, algorithms that efficiently sample the model space according to it (importance sampling) are very desirable. The main goal of this paper is to numerically explore the performance of binary genetic algorithms as posterior importance sampling strategies. Their behavior will be firstly analyzed using 2D synthetic posterior test functions bearing the relevant properties of the real geo-electrical inverse problem. The conclusions will be again checked through the histogram reconstruction of parameters in a synthetic VES case, and eventually, in a real, higher dimensional, sea-water coastal intrusion problem, by comparing the results with those obtained with a theoretically correct Metropolis-Hasting importance sampler (simulated annealing without cooling). Percentile curves are introduced as an effective tool for risk assessment. We show that binary genetic algorithms perform well under very general assumptions. When the roulette wheel is the selection method used, mutation is over 10%, and the algorithm does not incorporate elitism. The results do not depend on the values of the remaining tuning parameters. Finally, to improve the efficiency of the sampling strategy, we introduce a binary genetic algorithm with oriented search space. This is done with the help of linearization of the forward operator and singular value decomposition around the maximum posterior estimate. It is shown, also, that the logarithmic model parameterization is adequate for this task.     

软基处理中土方量的计算方法

本文在考虑地基沉降的基础上建立土方量计算模型,把土方量的计算分为两个构成要素,并结合现场沉降观测结果进行分析计算,从而计算出由于地基沉降而引起土方量的增加量,最终推导出堆载量的一个计算公式。     

基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被识别:研究进展、面临挑战及未来研究展望

地下水型陆地植被具有重要的生态服务功能,但正遭受严重威胁,亟需在水资源管理中予以关注和保护.准确识别地下水型陆地植被是其管理和保护的前提.水稳定同位素方法是识别地下水型陆地植被的唯一直接方法,其中:①直接比较法只能获得植物对地下水利用的定性信息,但目前的应用最为广泛;②同位素混合模型能定量评估植物对地下水的依赖性,近期随贝叶斯模型的引入取得了较大进展.当前,植物对地下水利用的时空异质性增加了基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被的识别难度,还限制了小尺度上的研究成果向大尺度上的拓展;部分植物以间接方式利用地下水,对地下水型陆地植被的识别造成了困扰;根系吸水过程中的同位素分馏和同一植株内木质部水同位素组成的时空异质性常使植物样品的代表性受到质疑;采集到具有代表性的地下水和土壤样品也是当前面临的一个主要挑战.为应对上述挑战,未来应加强3个方面的研究:①研发植物木质部水同位素组成的原位在线连续观测技术,提升基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被识别的时空分辨率;②借助控制性的同位素标记实验,精细刻画地下水-土壤-植物体系内同位素体的迁移和分馏过程;③将同位素观测与具有物理学意义的生态水文模型相耦合,提高定量评估的分辨率和降低不确定性,探索解决时空异质性和升尺度难题的途径.     

2012年“海葵”台风影响江苏的两段大暴雨特征分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及加密自动气象站资料,对2012年8月8-10日"海葵"台风影响江苏的一次大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。大暴雨过程有两个不同发展阶段,分析结果表明:两段大暴雨的影响系统不同、热力机制不同导致大暴雨落区、强度的不同。第一段是出现在江苏的沿江和苏南地区的台风本体大暴雨。随着海葵台风在浙江登陆,台风东北象限东南低空急流携带强劲的海上暖湿气流伸至江苏南部,下层暖湿上层干冷的不稳定层结积聚了大量不稳定能量。第二段大暴雨为发生在江苏北部的台风倒槽大暴雨。"海葵"台风减弱向西北移动进入安徽东南部,西南季风的加强和台风倒槽东侧低空东南急流的汇合为强降水提供丰富的水汽,而台风倒槽东侧低空急流携带的暖湿气流与高空槽后冷空气叠加,冷暖空气交汇触发了不稳定能量释放,激发了大暴雨过程的维持和增幅。整段大暴雨过程持续时间长、强度大,第二段比第一段降水区域小、持续时间短,但大暴雨中心过程雨量和降水强度更大。高低空急流耦合作用和强垂直螺旋度柱是此次大暴雨过程的动力抬升机制。     

登陆台风“凡亚比”(1011)合力散度特征诊断研究——垂直分布特征

本文利用2010年1011号台风“凡亚比”登陆过程高分辨率数值模拟资料,诊断分析了“凡亚比”台风环流合力散度的垂直分布及其演变特征。结果指出,合力散度的显著区一直与台风系统相伴随,可以有效地示踪热带气旋（Tropical Cyclone,简称TC）的移动,并能较好地识别TC强度、结构的发展演变。台风中心偏东一侧流入层的合力散度异常信号首先出现并发展,反映出环流的非对称特征。随着台风趋于成熟,合力散度逐渐增强,高度扩展,对称性也逐渐增加;台风中心上空为合力辐合,外围为合力辐散,垂直方向上合力辐合与辐散相间的结构对应上升运动极值区及强降水,即对应台风眼墙位置。合力散度面积指数和强度指数的分析指出,垂直方向上辐合与辐散面积指数负相关;各层的合力辐合强度指数普遍大于辐散强度指数,垂直方向上两强度指数呈显著的正相关关系;结合面积指数与强度指数,可知垂直方向上合力辐合与辐散此消彼长。运用合力散度方程对该垂直分布特征的成因展开分析,发现风速u分量平流随经度变化项和风速v分量平流随纬度的变化项是TC眼区合力辐合部分的主要贡献项,垂直运动项决定了TC眼墙的合力辐合与辐散相间的垂直分布特征。     

北京2009~2013年期间持续性大雾的类型、垂直结构及物理成因

北京地区持续性大雾天气近几年呈显著增加趋势,但由于缺乏高时间分辨率的雾微物理和大气廓线数据,限制了对大雾垂直结构和物理成因的深入了解。本文基于美国Radiometrics公司生产的35通道MP-3000A型微波辐射计廓线仪(Microwave Radiometer Profiler,简称MWRP)及常规气象和卫星观测资料分析研究了2009~2013年期间北京地区13次大雾天气过程的类型、垂直结构特征及其产生的物理成因。按照雾产生的基本条件,将13次大雾天气主要划为平流雾和蒸发雾两类,辐射雾存在于持续性大雾过程中,不做单独划分。平流雾的平均雾顶高度不超过1.0 km,而蒸发雾的平均雾顶高度在0.5~1.5 km之间。平流雾主要是由来自西南和东南的暖湿平流移经北京地区冷下垫面后冷却降温过程产生,强逆温的形成有利于雾的持续发展。而蒸发雾是由本地区降水蒸发冷却形成,或是冷平流移经暖湿下垫面形成。按照微波辐射计连续观测的雾宏微观垂直结构特征,将13次大雾天气过程又划分为单一雾结构和云雾共存结构,并采用卫星和地面气象观测数据对部分典型雾个例进行了比较验证研究。结果表明,在13次大雾天气中,平流雾和蒸发雾各占69%和31%。由此说明北京地区持续性大雾天气主要是由暖湿平流过程和降水蒸发冷却过程造成,与天气过程的异常密切相关。单一雾结构仅占15%,而云雾共存结构占近85%,且持续三天以上的大雾天气基本具有云雾共存结构。     

南极西北威德尔海上层海洋湍流混合研究

Turbulent mixing in the upper ocean(30-200 m) of the northwestern Weddell Sea is investigated based on profiles of temperature,salinity and microstructure data obtained during February 2014.Vertical thermohaline structures are distinct due to geographic features and sea ice distribution,resulting in that turbulent dissipation rates(ε) and turbulent diffusivity(K) are vertically and spatially non-uniform.On the shelf north of Antarctic Peninsula and Philip Ridge,with a relatively homogeneous vertical structure of temperature and salinity through the entire water column in the upper 200 m,both ε and K show significantly enhanced values in the order of O(10~(-7))-O(10~(-6)) W/kg and O(10~(-3))-O(10~(-2)) m~2/s respectively,about two or three orders of magnitude higher than those in the open ocean.Mixing intensities tend to be mild due to strong stratification in the Powell Basin and South Orkney Plateau,where s decreases with depth from O(10~(-8)) to O(10~(-9)) W/kg,while K changes vertically in an inverse direction relative to s from O(10~(-6)) to O(10~(-5)) m~2/s.In the marginal ice zone,K is vertically stable with the order of10~(-4) m~2/s although both intense dissipation and strong stratification occur at depth of 50-100 m below a cold freshened mixed layer.Though previous studies indentify wind work and tides as the primary energy sources for turbulent mixing in coastal regions,our results indicate weak relationship between K and wind stress or tidal kinetic energy.Instead,intensified mixing occurs with large bottom roughness,demonstrating that only when internal waves generated by wind and tide impinge on steep topography can the energy dissipate to support mixing.In addition,geostrophic current flowing out of the Weddell Sea through the gap west of Philip Passage is another energy source contributing to the local intense mixing.