冲绳海槽岩浆源的三分量混合模型

综合分析了冲绳海槽玄武岩中微量元素的地球化学特征，发现最少要求三分量混合作用来解释其岩浆源成分，并通过最大方差因子分析估算了3个分量的贡献比例。亏损型地幔是海槽岩浆源的主体，但其中舍有富集型地幔的成分，尤其是海槽中部玄武岩岩浆源中这种富集型地幔成分的特征表现得更为明显。俯冲组分是岩浆源中的另一个主要成分，贡献量为20％左右，是造成海槽区玄武岩中Pb强烈富集的重要原因。     

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, study cases for quarter annular and idealized ship channel problems

An extended version of the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, ADCIRC 3D-DSS, was utilized to simulate both horizontal and vertical flows in a (quarter) annular harbor (QATP and ATP) and rectangular basin with an idealized ship channel (RBSC). Comparison of horizontal and vertical solutions to the analytical solution and results of other researchers are in good agreement. The vertical velocity solution is highly sensitive to the horizontal velocity solutions. The presence of the sidewall boundary may also affect the vertical solutions. Around the sloping bank of RBSC channel with one-third gradient, the vertical velocity becomes important. The maximum vertical velocity approaches ±50% of the sediment fall velocity of fine sand.     

A Generation Mechanism for Mesoscale Eddies in the Kuril Basin of the Okhotsk Sea: Baroclinic Instability Caused by Enhanced Tidal Mixing

Mesoscale eddies, particularly anticyclonic ones, are dominant features in the Kuril Basin of the Okhotsk Sea. In 1999, both surface drifter and hydrographic observations caught the same anticyclonic eddy northwest of Bussol’ Strait, which has a diameter of ∼100 km, typical surface velocity of 0.2–0.3 m s⁻¹, and less dense core extending to a depth of ∼1200 m. Based on an idea that the generation of mesoscale eddies is caused by strong tidal mixing in and around Kuril Straits, we have conducted a series of three-dimensional numerical model experiments, in which strong tidal mixing is simply parameterized by increasing coefficients of vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity along the eastern boundary. Initially, a regular series of disturbances with a wavelength of ∼70 km starts to develop. The disturbances can be clearly explained by a linear instability theory and regarded as the baroclinic instability associated with the near-surface front formed in the region between the enhanced mixing and offshore regions. In the mature phase, the disturbances grow large enough that some eddies pinch off and advect offshore (westward), with the scale of disturbances increasing gradually. Typical eddy scale and its westward propagation speed are ∼100 km and ∼0.6 km day⁻¹, respectively, which are consistent with the observations by satellites. The westward propagation can be explained partly due to nonlinear effect of self-offshore advection and partly due to the β-effect. With the inclusion of the upper ocean restoring, the dominance of anticyclonic eddy, extending from surface to a depth of ∼1200 m, can be reproduced.     

Pullout capacity of embedded suction anchors in sand

An analytical solution has been developed to estimate the horizontal, vertical, and inclined loading pullout capacities of embedded suction anchors in sand. Validation of the analytical solution on pullout capacities has been made through comparisons with the centrifuge model test results. Primary variables for the centrifuge model tests are the depth to the loading point, the load inclination angle, and the addition of flanges. The results indicate that both the horizontal and vertical pullout capacities of the embedded suction anchor in sand increase, reach the peak and then start to decrease as the loading point moves downward. The inclined loading pullout capacity is very much dependent on the load inclination angle and the loading point. The effect of flanges on the pullout capacities is also found to be significant.     

Tracking the relationship between changing skyline and population growth of an Indian megacity using earth observation technology

Temporal analysis of Landsat-TM imageries reveals a saturated state of Kolkata (Calcutta) Metropolitan Area. However, the city has witnessed accelerated growth in real estate construction in recent past. This study applies digital photogrammetry to quantify the changes in Kolkata’s skyline. Recently, released SRTM DEM of 1 Arc Second and a digital surface model derived from WorldView-1 stereo images were used to account for the past and recent surface heights, respectively. Consequently, this paper examines whether the sustained addition in housing capacity has been necessarily driven by a growth in the urban population/number of households. Results show that 40.31% of the area experienced vertical growth, majorly by replacing older dwellings with taller apartment blocks. Further analysis reveals that part of these newly added residences has remained unoccupied as they were purchased by non-resident Indians for using as a second home or was never sold due to recent economic slowdown.     

成矿过程中由流体混合而导致金属沉淀的研究

对成矿流体的研究已成为当前矿床学和地球化学领域重要的前沿课题，其主要进展之一就是确认由不同性质流体的混合导致金属沉淀是矿石形成的重要方式。从流体混合过程的现代自然现象研究出发，以近年来国内外最近研究成果为基础，以岩浆水与大气降水的混合为重点，综述了成矿过程中几种主要的导致金属沉淀的流体混合作用，并对其主要机理─—冷却、稀释、酸碱度改变和氧化还原反应──进行了初步讨论。     

同位素和微量元素n元混合方程的推导和地幔混合作用的研究

推导了任意个源区混合时同位素和微量元素所必须满足的普适方程;以二元混合作用为例详细讨论了在不同的条件下（比值-比值、比值-元素、比值-1／元素、元素-元素）该方程的展开和简化形式。从三元混合方程的展开形式可以看出,“地慢面”的概念是不能成立的,同时大洋玄武岩Nd,Sr和Pb同位素组成数据也并不支持大洋玄武岩为三元混合作用所形成这一假设。     

Seabed Ground Improvement in Coastal Reclamation Area by Heavy Tamping After Rockfilling Displacement

Considering the characteristics of seabed ground in coastal reclamation area, ultra soft clay improvement method by heavy tamping after rockfilling displacement was proposed combined with a case study. The improvement mechanisms of the method can primarily be attributed to rockfilling displacement (RD), dynamic compaction (DC), dynamic replacement (DR) and dynamic replacement and mixing (DRM). For the case study given in this article, heavy tamping construction program was proposed based on field pilot tests. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed ground improvement method was verified through in situ plate load test, sand fill test and the analyses of observed settlement data. Thus, the method of heavy tamping after rockfilling displacement is applicable for the improvement of seabed ground in coastal reclamation area. It is proposed for similar projects that heavy tamping of fills may be performed by layers and correspondingly tamping energy increased to further enhance the improvement effect of DC, DR and DRM. In addition, delayed improvement effect or time effect of soil mass after heavy tamping is still an issue to be further studied.     

Impulse modelling of wave impact pressures on vertical wall

Breaking waves on coastal structures cause high magnitude impact pressures which may be important for the structural stability. In estimating the impact pressure distribution on the wall, there have been a lot of theoretical and experimental work. The present study is concerned with a theoretical approach which is based on the pressure impulse, to find the impact pressures on vertical wall. The numerical solution of the governing equation is carried out using the boundary element method. The theoretical impact pressures are determined using the experimental values of impact pressure rising time. The computational results of the impact pressures from the pressure impulse model are found to agree well with the experimental data of an earlier study.