Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.     

Study on wetting deformation characteristics of coarse granular materials and its simulation in core-wall rockfill dams

The wetting deformation of coarse granular materials is often considered to be an important cause of the core wall rockfill dam cracks during impounding. By analyzing existing research results, this paper proposes a hyperbolic relationship between the wetting axial strain and wetting stress level and puts forwards a warped surface relationship among spherical stress, shear stress, and the ratio of wetting volumetric strain to wetting axial strain. To illustrate its practicability, the wetting strain model's parameter determination process is introduced and the rockfill materials wetting parameters are determined using the triaxial wetting test data. Moreover, the collapse settlement of Guanyinyan rockfill dam during first impounding is numerically simulated using the proposed method to calculate rockfill wetting deformation and verified by field measurements and monitoring data. The results show that the calculative method of wetting deformation proposed in this paper is reasonable and practical; the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill materials would cause an adverse deformation trend, which may lead to crack occurrence at the upstream slope and dam crest; and the Guanyinyan rockfill dam cracks on the top of junction mainly caused by the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill.     

浪漫主义地理学：探索人性与大地互动中崇高卓越的景观

浪漫主义是一个历史深厚、定义多元、内涵丰富,且边界实践比较宽泛的词语,同时浪漫主义内涵也具有鲜明的统一性,通常与之关联的理念是独特性意识、深刻的情感内省,以及事物之间差异性意识。关于浪漫主义的讨论,在很多知识领域中均有体现。但在中国地理学界,人们很少将“浪漫”和“地理学”放在一起讨论,似乎放在一起存在用词矛盾。基于文本解析法,以段义孚先生《浪漫主义地理学》为中心进行学术考察,认为浪漫主义地理学是浪漫主义与地理学的辩证融合与实践,不仅是地理学思想中重要的新话语表征,也是一种难能可贵的地理学精神。地理学作为一门刻画人地关系和空间科学的学科,需要浪漫主义的介入。浪漫主义地理学对能量的敬仰和对道德的热忱,能激发人们上下求索,有利于人类空间实践的价值指引,是对人类精神的赞颂,并可使人们精神得到升华。在中国响应全球化和全球本土化的空间生产中,当代地理学的理论和实践,不应只局限于看似“家政学”的知识范畴内,而应在两极化的价值转化和超越中,探索人性与大地互动中崇高卓越的景观,努力关注浪漫主义地理学倡导的价值追求,让孜孜不断的“探求”精神和美好的“可能性”成为地理学崇尚的道德理念和实践方向。     

贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响

正负地形可通过源汇过程对水、土资源进行再分配,影响山区的人口分布。获取正负地形数据,运用6个指标和多元逐步回归法,分析贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响。研究表明：①贵州高原山区的正负地形结构异质性明显。蚕食度、深切度、平均粗糙度比、形状指标、匀度指数、破碎度的平均值分别为1.07、371m、1.01、3.40、325和3.34,表明正地形被负地形蚕食明显、切入深度大,正、负地形的粗糙度基本相当,正负地形景观斑块呈现形状不规则、面积不均匀的破碎状态。6个正负地形指标中,匀度指数的变异性最大,变异系数为90.43%;平均粗糙度比的变异性最小,变异系数为1.06%;②贵州高原山区的人口分布不均匀性突出。人口累积达到40%时,累积面积百分比为14%;人口累积达到80%时,累积面积百分比约为50%;③6个正负地形指标中,蚕食度和深切度是影响人口分布的主要因素。蚕食度与人口密度呈正相关关系,深切度与人口密度呈负相关关系。研究成果为研究地形条件的人口影响提供补充,并为贵州高原山区人-地关系协调和土地可持续管理提供参考。     

土地整治与乡村振兴——土地利用多功能性视角

长期以来乡村土地利用功能的供需不平衡是造成乡村问题的主要原因之一。论文基于土地利用多功能性视角,以“供给—需求”“要素—结构—功能”为主线,阐释了农村土地整治与乡村振兴的互馈关系,探讨了如何通过农村土地整治实现乡村土地利用功能的供需平衡,进而促进乡村振兴。研究结果如下：① 综合土地整治是一种多功能的土地利用方式,是当前解决乡村问题、促进乡村振兴的重要手段,其本质是从以经济效益为主的生产主义向兼顾社会、经济、环境等的非生产主义的转变。② 乡村土地利用具有生产、生活、生态、文化等4种主要功能,满足乡村振兴在经济、社会、环境、文化等方面的需求,其中生产功能分为农业、商业、工业生产功能,生活功能分为居住、就业和公共服务功能。③ 农村土地整治沿整合土地利用要素、重组土地利用结构、优化土地利用功能的路径,从供给侧因地制宜地平衡乡村发展对土地利用多功能的需求。④ 今后,农村土地整治与乡村振兴的研究应该考虑不同空间尺度下土地整治对于乡村振兴的作用机制与模式,定量分析土地整治影响下土地利用的多功能供给以及不同类型乡村发展对土地利用功能的需求,从而为土地利用和乡村振兴规划的制定和实施提供科学依据。     

规则格网DEM局地坡面凸凹性精度分析

DEM地表形态精度分析理论与方法的建立,对DEM数据的生产和广泛应用具有重要意义。本文从局地坡面形态的凸凹性角度,剖析规则格网DEM格网点位置、格网分辨率对DEM局地坡面凸凹性的影响,以期进一步完善和发展DEM质量分析的理论与方法。论文首先阐述了DEM局地坡面凸凹性的基本概念,研究建立了规则格网DEM的局地坡面凸凹性量化分析方法,并以黄土丘陵5、10、15、25、……、155 m DEM为例,采用比较分析方法研究了局地坡面凸凹性随DEM格网点位置和格网分辨率的变化特征。研究表明:对于本研究中的1:5万DEM,10 m(跃变率≤0.3%)是其最佳的格网分辨率阈值,当DEM实际格网分辨率高于该阈值时,实际DEM与最佳格网分辨率DEM具有近乎相同的局地坡面凸凹性,主要在正地形与负地形的过渡区域会发生不同程度的坡面凸凹性变化;当DEM实际格网分辨率低于该阈值时,实际DEM的局地坡面凸凹性,会随着DEM格网点布设位置和DEM格网分辨率发生较大的不确定性变化。     

空间对准关系及其定量描述方法

空间对准是最基本的空间排列形式之一,属于高层次的空间关系概念。根据Gestalt心理学的空间认知原理,提出空间对准的概念及其定量描述和计算方法。通过定义正对投影长度比,实现空间对准的定量描述与计算,表明其具有平移、旋转、尺度不变性,弱反身性,不可传递性等。通过模拟实验分析和城市双线道路识别与建筑群直线模式识别两个真实案例,证明文中方法的实用性和有效性。     

都市区空间结构与经济发展的互动关系研究

文章采用结构方程模型实证检验空间结构与经济发展的互动关系。研究发现,中国都市区已经进入多中心分散阶段,空间结构与经济发展存在因果关系,即经济发展水平的提高会扩大人口规模,规模增加则导致集聚不经济上升,并促进空间结构多中心化。多中心化后的空间结构由于降低了集聚不经济而进一步提高生产率。因而,传统地理学中关于两者互动发展的描述得到实证支持;同时明确了多中心化的直接动力是人口规模的增加,而不是经济发展水平的提高。这些发现对于优化当前中国的城市与区域空间战略具有重要的启示。     

人海关系地域系统的构成及其研究重点探讨

在全球化和人类活动向海洋扩张的背景下,作为总体性人地关系一个组成部分的人海关系正变得日益复杂和重要,亟需对其进行基础性的理论解读,以整合和指导具体研究的展开。人海关系地域系统包括人类、海洋和陆地3个基本组成部分。其中,人类具有自然和社会2种基本属性,受人类活动影响的海洋和陆地具有自然、社会和关系3种基本属性。人类与海洋、人类与陆地和海洋与陆地之间的互动构成了人海关系地域系统中最基本的相互关系,其不同组合和演变塑造出了具体、多样的人海关系地域系统。当前人海关系地域系统的研究重点包括海洋观、海洋的开发与保护、国际海洋关系、陆海统筹和海洋社会5个方面。     

浙江省城市化与生态环境协调度及其胁迫关系探讨

运用交互胁迫、耦合协调模型,结合主观均方差分析法和客观结构熵值法确定指标权重,通过建立指标体系研究2000-2014年浙江省生态环境和城市化的交互胁迫关系和协调类型.结果表明:浙江省生态环境和城市化之间存在交互胁迫关系,演变状态符合双指数函数;前者对后者有显著的约束作用,后者对前者有显著的胁迫作用.对城市化综合水平影响程度大小依次为经济、社会与人口城市化,对生态环境综合水平影响程度大小依次为生态环境压力、状态与响应.2000-2014年浙江省综合协调耦合类型分为磨合协调阶段(2000-2003年)、基本协调阶段(2003-2005年)、拮抗协调阶段(2005-2010年)和良好协调阶段(2010-2014)4个阶段.