A review of the equations used to predict the velocity distribution within a ship’s propeller jet

Predicting the velocity within the ship’s propeller jet is the initial step to investigate the scouring made by the propeller jet. Albertson et al. (1950) suggested the investigation of a submerged jet can be undertaken through observation of the plain water jet from an orifice. The plain water jet investigation of Albertson et al. (1950) was based on the axial momentum theory. This has been the basis of all subsequent work with propeller jets. In reality, the velocity characteristic of a ship’s propeller jet is more complicated than a plain water jet. Fuehrer and Römisch (1977), Blaauw and van de Kaa (1978), Berger et al. (1981), Verhey (1983) and Hamill (1987) have carried out investigations using physical model. Current paper reviews the state-of-art of the equations used to predict the time-averaged axial, tangential and radial components of velocity within the zone of flow establishment and the zone of established flow of a ship’s propeller jet.     

Assessment of liquefaction potential based on peak ground motion parameters

Conventionally, evaluation of liquefaction potential of loose saturated cohesionless deposits as specified in Japanese design codes employs peak ground acceleration (PGA). However, recent large-scale earthquakes in Japan revealed that liquefaction at some sites did not occur even though large PGAs were recorded at or near these sites. As an alternative approach, an evaluation procedure based on peak ground motion parameters, i.e. incorporating both PGA and the peak ground velocity (PGV), is proposed. By performing parametric studies using one-dimensional seismic response analysis and formulating regression models, seismic-induced shear stresses within the deposit are expressed in terms of peak ground motion parameters at the surface, and these are used to calculate the factor of safety against liquefaction. Application to case histories in Japan indicates that the proposed two-parameter equation can adequately account for the occurrence and non-occurrence of liquefaction at various sites as compared to the conventional PGA-based approach. Moreover, analyses of several strong motion records at various sites show that liquefaction may occur when PGA≥150 gal and PGV≥20 kine, indicating that these values can serve as thresholds in assessing the possible occurrence of liquefaction.     

苍山地震与新沂台前兆异常

根据新沂台前兆资料，运用加卸载响应比、差分法对地磁场Z分量进行分析；运用滑动平均对短水准资料进行分析；运用速率法对视电阻率进行分析；结果表明：在苍山地震前，新沂台前兆资料具有良好的中、短期异常，并有进入临震的异常标志。     

隔震桥梁子结构拟动力实验中加载速率的影响因素研究

本研究运用DSP高速数字信号处理器的实时信号处理与控制技术,研究了基于速度控制法、OS数值积分法和相应的实验误差控制法的子结构拟动力实验系统。该试验系统对动力加载装置采用速度控制,在加载过程中考虑了加载速率对实验结果的影响,使隔震橡胶支座的速度相关性能在试验中得到充分体现,同时采用OS数值积分法,充分地减少了试验的时滞误差,提高了试验精度。并通过不同加载速率的子结构拟动力实验研究了天然橡胶支座、高阻尼橡胶隔震支座和超高阻尼橡胶隔震支座对桥梁的隔震效果,在对实验结果进行分析对比后,定量地研究了不同的加载速率对隔震桥梁子结构拟动力实验结果的影响。     

2003年大姚6.2级、6.1级地震序列震源位置及震源区速度结构的联合反演

采用震源位置和速度结构的联合反演方法确定2003年大姚6.2级、6.1级地震序列的分布和震源区的速度结构.该方法首先确定研究区的速度结构,然后在该速度结构的基础上对地震重新定位.结果表明:① 大姚6.2级地震序列明显分为地震较密集的东南段和地震较稀疏的北西段,而且这两段存在一定的错动,速度结构也显示出高、低速交界带在错动处具有转折特点;② 大姚6.2级地震序列在深度上呈"V"字形分布,这与该地区呈倒三角形分布的低速体相对应,即余震主要分布在高、低速交界带附近;③ 大姚6.2级、6.1级地震的破裂区都位于倒三角形低速体的东南侧,6.2级地震沿高、低速交界带往下破裂,而6.1级地震沿高、低速交界带往上破裂;④ 6 km深度的速度分布显示震源区具有高、低速度体交替呈四象限分布特征,而且余震主要沿北西向的高低速交界带分布;⑤ 大姚6.2级主震的东南侧的高、低速交界带处的低速体速度值较北西侧低速值高,其对6.2级地震往东南方向破裂具有阻碍作用,即东南侧处于能量积累状态,有利于6.1级地震的发生.     

Two-phase hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of wave-generated sheet flow

This numerical investigation was carried out to advance mechanistic understanding of sediment transport under sheet flow conditions. An Euler–Euler coupled two-phase flow model was developed to simulate fluid–sediment oscillatory sheet flow. Since the concentration of sediment particles is high in such flows, the kinematics of the fluid and sediment phases are strongly coupled. This model includes interaction forces, intergranular stresses and turbulent stress closure. Each phase was modeled via the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations, with interphase momentum conservation accounting for the interaction between the phases. The generation and transformation of turbulence was modeled using the two-equation k–ε$k''–''\epsilon$ turbulence model. Concentration and sediment flux profiles were compared with experimental data for sheet flow conditions considering both symmetric and asymmetric oscillatory flows. Sediment and fluid velocity variations, concentration profiles, sediment flux and turbulence parameters of wave-generated sheet flow were studied numerically with a focus on sediment transport characteristics. In all applications, the model predictions compared well with the experimental data. Unlike previous investigations in which the flow is driven by a horizontal pressure gradient, the present model solves the Navier–Stokes equations under propagating waves. The model’s ability to predict sediment transport under oscillatory sheet flow conditions underscores its potential for understanding the evolution of beach morphology.     

九江—瑞昌序列震源位置及震源区速度结构的联合反演

采用震源位置和速度结构的联合反演方法确定2005年九江一瑞昌5.7级地震序列的分布和震源区的速度结构.结果显示九江一瑞昌地震序列存在NW330.方向和NE550方向的两组共轭分布,其中NW330.方向的优势分布更为明显;震源深度分布在3～18km的范围.地震主体破裂发生在上地壳-中地壳过渡层的P波速度低速区内,主震发生后余震向东南与西北方向两头扩展,其中往西北方向破裂时可能遇到了障碍体,积累的能量转向西南-北东方向继续破裂,引发了4.8级强余震.     

赤峰--辽蒙交界地区地震活动性及平均波速比分析

分析了赤峰地区地质构造特征、地球动力学环境、历史中强地震活动,表明该区域具备发生中强地震的构造条件;2008年以来的地震活动表明,辽蒙交界地区存在发生5级以上中强震的危险性,该地区的波速比震前异常能够为该地区的地震中期预测提供一定的判定依据。     

中强地震前中小地震速度谱的变化特征

从Ｄｕｄａ和Ｎｏｒｔｍａｎｎ提出的谱震级定义出发,利用江苏地区遥测台网的５个台站记录到的５４次地震的数字化垂向位移波形记录,采用１３组０．５倍频程的滤波器,计算了各次地震的Ｐ波和及Ｓ波在没中心周期处的平均速度谱值,研究了地震的Ｐ波或Ｓ波速度谱的拐角周期及综合因子ｆ值的时间变化特征。结果显示：中强地震发生之前１年或更短的时间内所发生的中小地震,其速度谱综合因子ｆ值随时间的变化具有由高值向低值的变化趋