利用断裂带首波分析甘孜—玉树断裂带拉张盆地结构特征

对断裂带及附近区域地层精细结构的描述是理解地震孕育和发生过程的基础.不同板块或块体边界在构造或区域应力作用下,常常会形成速度间断面和低速的断裂带,间断面和低速带的存在会产生特殊的断裂带地震波,比如断裂带首波和围陷波,并会影响地震的物理过程、破裂速度和破裂方向等.本文主要利用2010年4月14日M_W6.9玉树地震后布设的流动地震台站,对沿着甘孜—玉树断裂带传播的断裂带首波进行识别和分析.分析结果表明,在甘孜—玉树断裂带的不同区域均观测到了断裂带首波,在西段的结隆拉张盆地附近的3个台站沿断裂带界面的平均纵波速度差异值在5%～8%,而其他区域的平均速度差异为1%～3%.通过台站位置分布和断裂带首波特征关系,初步分析了断裂带拉张盆地的结构,结果显示结隆盆地的长度为～40km,宽度为5.35～5.97km,深度不超过5km,在地表浅层形成了一个低速区,分别与巴颜喀拉块体(NE)和羌塘块体(SW)产生了两个物性差异界面,但没有延伸到主震和余震区震源深度.我们的结果表明结合密集台阵资料,通过断裂带首波特征分析可以为断裂带精细结构及几何特征提供一种新的技术方法和途径.     

High-resolution seismic tomography of the upper crust in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake and its seismotectonic implications

Both P- and S-wave arrivals were collected for imaging upper crustal structures in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake. High-resolution, three- dimensional P and S velocity models were constructed by travel-time tomography. Moreover, more than 3700 after- shocks of the Lushan earthquake were relocated via a grid search method. The P- and S-wave velocity images of the upper crust show largely similar characters, with high and low velocity anomalies, which mark the presence of sig- nificant lateral and vertical heterogeneity at the source region of the Lushan earthquake. The characteristics of the velocity anomalies also reflect the associated surface geo- logical tectonics in this region. The distributions of high velocity anomalies of both P- and S-waves to 18 km depth are consistent with the distributions of relocated after- shocks, suggesting that most of the ruptures were localized inside the high velocity region. In contrast, low P and S velocities were found in the surrounding regions without aftershocks, especially in the region to the northeast of the Lushan earthquake. For the relocated aftershocks of the Lushan earthquake from this study, we found that mostaftershocks were concentrated in a zone of about 40 km long and 20 km wide, and were located in the hanging wall of Dayi-Mingshan fault. The focal depths of aftershocks increase from the southeast to the northwest region in the direction perpendicular to the fault strike, suggesting that the fault ruptured at an approximate dip angle of 45°. The main depths of the aftershocks in the northwest of the main shock are significantly shallower than expected, revealing the different seismogenic conditions in the source region.     

Analysis of Anomalous Characteristics of Regional Crustal Deformation before the September 16th, 2019 Zhangye MS5.0 Earthquake, Gansu, China

To study the crustal movement in the vicinity of the epicenter before the Zhangye M_S5.0 earthquake in 2019, the characteristics of crustal deformation before the earthquake are discussed through the GPS velocity field analysis based on the CMONOC data observed from GPS. The baseline time series between two continuous GPS stations and the strain time series of an area among several stations are analyzed in the epicenter area. The resulting time series of baseline azimuth around the epicenter reflects that the energy of the fault in the northern margin of Qilian Mountain is accumulated continuously before 2017. Besides, the movement trend of azimuth slows down after 2017, indicating the stress accumulation on both sides of the seismogenic fault zone has reached a certain degree. The first shear strain and EW-direction linear strain in the epicentral area of the Zhangye M_S5.0 earthquake remain steady after 2017, and the surface strain rate decreases gradually after 2016. It is illustrated that there is an obvious deformation loss at the epicentral region three years before the earthquake, indicating that a certain degree of strain energy is accumulated in this area before the earthquake.     

Vertical profiles of fluid velocity and suspended sediment concentration in nearshore

Based on the power function of velocity and the friction velocity,a velocity profile is obtained.By solving the Schmidt’s diffusion equation,an equilibrium suspended sediment concentration profile is further deduced.The profiles of velocity and suspended sediment concentration agree well with the field data,and the profile of suspended sediment concentration avoids the unreasonableness of the classical Rouse profile such as a zero value at the water surface.According to these profiles,an expression which is easy to use for calculating the suspended sediment transport rate is derived.     

大同 阳高震区及其邻区壳幔速度结构与深部构造

利用通过本区６条宽角反射／折射剖面资料对大同 阳高震区及邻区地壳上地幔速度结构与构造进行了详细的研究。结果表明,地壳上地幔速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。浅部基底断裂发育,而在其深部,根据波组特征、壳内界面及速度等值线起伏变化和低速异常体的边界等推测有３处地壳深断裂带。本区最明显的上地壳低速体位于大同—阳原附近,其南界存在地壳深断裂,大同 阳高地震群与该低速异常体和深断裂有关     

利用超声尾波观测1.5 m长岩石断层黏滑实验的波速变化

在实验室内利用超声尾波观测大尺度（1.5 m）岩石断层的黏滑过程.利用基于尾波干涉的观测方法,我们获得了高达10^-6的相对波速变化的观测精度,这相当于~10 kPa的应力变化.利用高精度的测量,我们获取两种不同加载速率下（1 μm·s^-1,10 μm·s^-1）黏滑过程三个阶段（恢复、加载和滑动）基于波速变化的特征量.我们更进一步获取了断层失稳阶段波速变化的时空演化过程.最后讨论了该观测方法需要改进的地方.以上研究结果表明作为一种对现有实验观测手段的有益补充,利用超声尾波观测实验室大尺度岩石断层的动力学过程是可行的.

     

山脊线与坡度和峰值速度放大系数的相关性研究

地形效应是地震工程和地震学的重要研究内容.数值方法是研究地形效应的重要工具.然而以往关于地形特征对地形效应的影响的研究大多是基于二维简单模型.对三维真实地形特征和地震动放大的关系缺乏详细的研究.为了更好地描述三维地形特征,本文将地形用不同的地形特征因子来描述,并用算法将它们从地形数据中提取出来.从而使地形和放大系数的相关性的研究转换为不同地形特征因子和放大系数的相关性的研究上.本文中,我们选择芦山地区作为研究对象,用算法提取出特征因子山脊线和坡度.它们分别表征了山脊形态和山体的陡峭程度.我们又用谱元法分别模拟三种不同主频Ricker子波的地震波在起伏地表和水平地表模型中的传播,并得到了它们各自的峰值速度(PGV)放大系数.通过分析三个主频的PGV放大系数在山脊线上分布,我们发现放大系数幅值在山脊线上分布不均匀.放大系数较高的地方位于山脊线弯曲或宽度发生变化的附近.我们又统计了三个放大系数在滑动平均坡度上分布,并得到了放大系数均值和坡度的正相关曲线.结果表明坡度和放大系数两者在幅值分布上具有正相关性.     

利用宽角反射/折射地震剖面揭示芦山M_S7.0地震震区深部孕震环境

2013年4月芦山地震发生后,中国地震局迅速成立了芦山地震科学考察指挥部,要求查明芦山地震的深部构造环境和孕震背景.为此,中国地震局地球物理勘探中心于2013年9月至11月在芦山震源区布设了一条长约410km的人工地震高分辨宽角反射/折射探测剖面,获得了信噪比较高的人工地震探测数据,采用地震射线走时正演拟合构建了该区的地壳及上地幔二维P波速度结构模型,结果显示:扬子块体和松潘—甘孜块体显示出迥异的速度结构特征,地壳厚度由南向北逐渐加厚.沉积盖层在四川盆地厚达7.8km,而进入松潘—甘孜块体沉积层最薄处只有几百米厚,几乎出露地表;在中上地壳,扬子块体平均速度比松潘—甘孜块体高0.2km·s-1,在盆地与高原耦合部位(构造转换带)以北深度大约20km左右有一厚度为8.0km的软弱层(低速层),该层内的速度为5.80km·s-1,明显低于周围介质的平均速度6.00~6.10km·s-1;构造转换带内,震相显示紊乱、不清晰、不能连续对比,由地表至上地幔顶部壳内界面不连续、速度结构异常紊乱且呈现低速异常特征;在中下地壳,沿剖面速度呈现正梯度垂向增大变化;壳内界面在扬子块体内部起伏变化不大,但在构造转换带以北呈现急速加深的趋势,特别是Moho界面起伏变化较为明显,界面深度在距离50km范围内由扬子块体的36.2km迅速变化至松潘—甘孜块体下方的45.8km,形成一陡变带.芦山MS7.0级地震震源位置位于二维速度结构异常紊乱和界面起伏变化的地带,研究表明,壳内界面及速度结构差异、起伏变化的特征与该区域的地震活动性关系密切.     

瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线稀疏正则化反演方法研究

目前瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线反演中仅考虑数据的拟合,缺乏对模型的约束,不能很好地刻画地层间断面的问题,针对此问题,研究了瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线稀疏正则化反演方法.正演模拟基于广义反射-透射系数法,数值计算上采用一种快速求根方法,与二等分方法相比,能够在很短的时间内达到最优的收敛效果;反演建模时采用L1范数正则化方法对模型进行稀疏性刻画,使反演结果更加符合地质实际;在反问题的数值实现上,针对稀疏正则化模型提出一种隐式迭代正则化算法,其迭代算子具有非膨胀特性,可以收敛到极小化问题的解.数值实验结果表明,新的反演方案具有计算效率高,模型"逐块"光滑的特性刻画好,对非高斯噪声鲁棒性强的特点.     

山西断陷带上地幔顶部Pn波速度结构与各向异性成像

本研究拾取了中国数字测震台网固定台站记录的2008—2019年期间发生在山西断陷带及邻区2级以上天然地震事件及陕西神木、府谷等3级以上非天然地震事件共25304条高质量Pn到时数据,反演了山西断陷带及邻区上地幔顶部高分辨率Pn波速度结构与各向异性.研究结果显示,山西断陷带及邻区Pn波速度结构差异较大,大同火山及以南区域、忻定盆地、太行山造山带、华北盆地南部和吕梁山局部地区表现为显著的低波速异常,而运城盆地、临汾盆地北部、太原盆地、大同盆地北部、华北盆地北部和鄂尔多斯块体呈现明显的高波速异常.大同火山下方上地幔顶部的低波速异常与Pn快波方向呈现以火山为中心的近发散状结构特征,结合已有的远震上地幔成像结果,暗示大同火山岩浆可能来源于地幔深部,岩浆的底侵或热侵蚀作用造成了该地区岩石圈的破坏以及整个华北克拉通的"活化",这一推论符合克拉通的热-化学侵蚀破坏模型.山西断陷带上地幔顶部速度异常形态较好的对应了研究区的地质构造,Pn快波速方向与地质构造的展布方向和SKS波各向异性的特征基本一致,说明变形形式以简单剪切为主,表明其形成和演化过程与上地幔物质运移过程有密切关系.