磁共振脑血管成像方法的价值探讨

本文作者通过对１２３例病人同时进行３ＤＭＴＴＯＦ（三维磁化传递对时间飞逝法）和３ＤＰＣ（三维相位对比法）、磁共振脑血管成像（ＭＲＡ），对２１例患者同时进行了３ＤＭＴＴＯＦ及３ＤＴＯＦ（三维时间飞逝法）、脑血管成像，将它们对未稍小血管，颈外动脉，静脉显示程度相比较，并进行统计学分析，从而得出了３ＤＭＴＴＯＦ法较普通３ＤＴＯＦ法及３ＤＰＣ法在大脑中动脉岛叶分支、大脑后动脉的顶枕支，距状裂支的显示程度上优越，而且对静脉窦的抑制，颈外动脉及皮层静脉的抑制方面均优于后两者，并对在动脉瘤及动静脉畸形的诊断价值方面进行了探讨。提示３ＤＭＴＴＯＦ对小的动静脉畸形、海绵状血管瘤、小动脉瘤的诊断方面较３ＤＰＣ优越。３ＤＰＣ法对较大的动静脉畸形显示较好，对近年用于临床的ＭＴＴＯＦ法血管成像术的机理进行了探讨。指出这是一项新的磁化递抑制技术，应用于ＭＲＡ取得了较好的效应。     

云南东川地区含金剪切带型金矿

云南东川地区含金剪切带型金矿，1995年11月由云南八0七队从蒋家湾开始发现首个金矿段，继而向北勘查扩大到七角地和新山矿段。随着勘查的深入及大比例尺地质图填制，证实该金矿处在剪切破碎带中，并具大型以上规模前景。特别是新山矿段中砂糖状石英脉的发现，和矿体顶板接触带构造透镜体、糜棱岩的存在，含金韧性剪切带型金矿的特征渐趋明朗。云南昆阳群中多处发现含金石英脉，从拖布卡金矿的事实，促使我们重新考虑其中是否亦有剪切带型金矿类型。观念的转变，有可能促进昆阳群找金的突破。     

Compositions of magmatic hydrothermal fluids determined by LA-ICP-MS of fluid inclusions from the porphyry copper–molybdenum deposit at Butte, MT

We analyzed 85 fluid inclusions from seven samples from the porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in Butte, MT, using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The Butte deposit formed at unusually great depth relative to most porphyry deposits, and fluid inclusions in deep veins trapped a low-salinity, CO₂-bearing, magmatically derived, supercritical fluid as a single aqueous phase. This fluid is interpreted to be the parent fluid that cooled, decompressed, unmixed, and reacted with wall rock to form the gigantic porphyry Cu deposit at Butte. Few previous analyses of such fluids exist.Low-salinity, aqueous fluids from the earliest veins at Butte are trapped in deep veins with biotite-rich alteration envelopes (EDM veins). These veins, and the Butte quartz monzonite surrounding them, host much of the Butte porphyry Cu mineralization. Twenty fluid inclusions in one EDM quartz vein are dominated by Na, K, Fe (from 0.1 to 1 wt.%) and contain up to 1.3 wt.% Cu. These inclusions contain only small amounts (tens of ppm) of Pb, Zn, and Mn, and typically contain Li, B, Ca, As, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Ba, and W in less than detectable quantities. The abundance of Cu in early fluids indicates that a low-salinity, Cu-rich, aqueous ore fluid can be directly produced by aqueous fluid separation from a granitic magma. Similar inclusions (eight) in an early deep quartz–molybdenite vein with a K-feldspar selvage have similar compositions but contain significantly less Cu than most inclusions in the biotite-altered vein. Analyzed inclusions in both veins contain less than detectable concentrations of Mo even though one is molybdenite-bearing.Low-salinity, CO₂-bearing aqueous fluids are also trapped in pyrite–quartz veins with sericitic selvages. These veins cut both of the above vein types and contain inclusions that were trapped at lower pressure and temperature. Thirty-nine inclusions in two such veins have compositions similar to early fluids, but are enriched by up to a factor of 10 in Mn, Pb, and Zn relative to early fluids, and are slightly depleted in Fe. Many of these inclusions contain as much or more Cu than early fluids, although little chalcopyrite is found in or around pyrite–quartz veins.Eighteen halite-bearing inclusions from three veins from both chalcopyrite-bearing and barren veins with both K-silicate and sericitic selvages were analyzed as well. Halite-saturated inclusions are dominated by Na, K, Fe, and in some inclusions Ca. Whereas these inclusions are significantly enriched in Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Pb, fluids in all three veins contain significantly less Cu than early, high temperature, low-salinity inclusions.Analyses of all inclusion types show that whereas bulk-salinity of the hydrothermal fluid must be largely controlled by the magma, fluid–rock interactions have a significant role in controlling fluid compositions and metal ratios. Cu concentrations range over an order of magnitude, more than any other element, in all four samples containing low-salinity inclusions. We infer that variations are the result of fluid trapping after different amounts of fluid–rock reaction and chalcopyrite precipitation. Enrichment, relative to early fluids, of Mn, Pb, and Zn in fluids related to sericitic alteration is also likely the result of fluid–rock reaction, whereby these elements are released from biotite and feldspars as they alter to sericite. In halite-bearing inclusions, concentrations of Sr, Ca, Pb, and Ba are elevated in inclusions from the pyrite–quartz vein with sericitic alteration relative to halite-bearing inclusions from unaltered and potassically altered samples. Such enrichment is likely caused by the breakdown of plagioclase and K-feldspar in the alteration envelope, releasing Sr, Ca, Pb, and Ba.     

Effect of structure and texture on infiltration flow pattern during flood irrigation

Understanding the flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface soils is critically important in the fields of agricultural and environmental sciences. Dye tracer tests using a flood irrigation of Brilliant Blue FCF solution (5 g l^-1) and excavation method was performed to investigate the effect of texture and structure on the infiltration pattern at three different field soils developed from granite (GR), gneiss (GN) and limestone (LS). The GR soil showed a homogeneous matrix flow in the surface soil with weak, medium granular structure and a macropore flow along pegmatitic vein and plant root in C horizon. The surface horizon (A1) of GN soil with moderate, medium granular structure and many fine roots had matrix flow. The fingering occurred at the interfaces of sandy loam A horizon and loamy sand C horizon in GR soil and loam A1 horizon and sandy loam A2 horizon in GN soil. The LS soil with strong, coarse prismatic structure and the finest texture showed a macropore flow along cracks and had the deepest penetration of the dye tracer. The macropore (crack and vein), layer interface and plant root induced the preferential flow in the studied soils.     

西藏班公湖带多不杂超大型富金斑岩铜矿的高温高盐高氧化成矿流体：流体包裹体证据

多不杂富金斑岩铜矿床位于斑公湖-怒江缝合带北侧多不杂构造岩浆弧中,成矿与侵位于中侏罗统雁石坪群和早白垩统美日切组地层中的石英闪长玢岩、花岗闪长斑岩有关。由于斑岩体的侵位,在岩体内及其围岩中形成强烈蚀变且分带明显,由含矿斑岩中心向外可划分出钾硅化带、中级泥化带、泥化带、伊利石-水白云母化-褐铁矿化带-角岩带或青磐岩化带(围岩是中基性火山岩时)。矿化为细脉-浸染状,含矿斑岩全岩矿化,少量矿化产于围岩中,成矿为铜-金组合,为典型的富金斑岩铜矿。初步识别出(1)钾化带中主要发育M型、EB型、A型及部分B型脉;(2)绿泥石化带(中级泥化带)中发育B型、C型、石英-绿泥石脉及S型、G型脉;(3)在粘土化带(泥化带)中主要发育C型脉、G型脉及S型细网脉;(4)在围岩中主要发育B型、C型、D型及G型细网脉以及碳酸盐脉、M型脉等。矿区范围内发育丰富的热液磁铁矿、赤铁矿、金红石等,铜、金沉淀与热液磁铁矿的形成关系密切;矿石中主要为黄铜矿、少量斑铜矿和辉铜矿,而黄铁矿很少,总体上为黄铜矿>斑铜矿,黄铜矿》黄铁矿。在石英斑晶及各种脉系中识别出三个大类和十个亚类的流体包裹体。包裹体显微测温数据表明最高(达935℃、压力200MPa)的均一温度出现在石英斑晶中,这种由含不透明子矿物、简单多相、含硅酸盐子矿物、赤铁矿多相包裹体类型构成的具45%NaCleq盐度的多相包裹体可能代表本矿床最原始的成矿流体组成;这种成矿流体上升到3km左右、冷却到580℃左右发生沸腾,分离出超高盐度(60%～80%NaCl eq)流体包裹体和富气相包裹体,并导致大量磁铁矿的结晶和还原硫的释放,且伴随部分金属硫化物及部分金沉淀,形成早期的M、A型脉;随着温度的进一步降低和分离出的流体包裹体的聚集,在500℃～480℃之间、22～40MPa之间、深度约1.5km发生沸腾,大量释放出的硫与金属离子结合,导致了大量铜、金的沉淀,形成如B型脉等一系列脉系及浸染状的铜矿化。在450℃～400℃之间、压力20～32MPa之间、深度1.1km左右又发生了明显的沸腾事件,形成了如C型脉、S型等含铜脉系。在370℃～200℃之间、压力5～30MPa之间,包裹体以液相包裹体和多相包裹体为主,其盐度变化较大,可能是由于岩浆流体的稀释作用或少量大气降水参与循环所致,形成了D型脉及面状硅化。我们的研究结果揭示多不杂富金斑岩铜矿是主要由直接从岩浆熔体中出溶(600℃～950℃)的具高氧化性、(超)高盐度的富含成矿元素的岩浆流体形成的,是斑岩矿床系列中正岩浆端元的典型代表。     

利用流体包裹体分析技术研究地震和断层活动的进展

矿物中的流体包裹体记录了地球古流体的形成和演化、矿物的形成环境等各种地质信息。利用微区微量测量技术测定断裂带脉石矿物流体包裹体可以获得断层和地震活动的信息,延长认识地震复发周期的时间,对确定地震活动规律有重要意义。迄今为止,地震流体研究主要是关于宏观区域流体(水和气体)变化规律及其与地震的关系,对微区微量流体的研究很少。本文扼要介绍了地震和构造活动中流体作用与流体包裹体拉曼光谱测量技术,综述了流体包裹体(FI)分析在地震与断裂活动方面的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的领域,以期促进微区微量地震流体研究和应用。     

与侵入岩有关的脉型金矿:类型、构造岩浆背景及与造山带金矿的区别

一些金矿化类型表明它们与侵入岩有关。这些矿床产于侵入岩内部、附近或环绕单个侵入体 ,包括斑岩型、角砾岩型、矽卡岩型、交代型和脉型。其中由于脉型金矿多为中温热液金矿而使其在生成模式上最有争议 ,这就是由 Groves等 (1998)提出的造山带金矿。由于缺少任何与侵入岩有直接联系的流体证据 ,普遍认为造山带金矿是在挤压变形和区域变质作用期间或之后生成的。据矿脉矿物学及金属元素组合特征 ,可将与侵入岩有关的脉型金矿分为 5种类型及相应的金属元素组合 :Au Fe氧化物 Cu,Au CuMo Zn,Au As Pb Zn Cu,Au Te Pb Zn Cu和 Cu As BiSb类型。     

翁嘎科金矿矿床成因及找矿标志

金矿赋存在西盟群王雅组第四段第一、二亚段地层和次级断裂裂隙中。从地质特征、矿体赋存状态、矿石特征等判断,矿床成因类型为热液充填交代型。而北东向区域断裂中,可能找到新的矿体。     

Internal vein texture and vein evolution of the epithermal Shila-Paula district,southern Peru

The epithermal Shila-Paula Au–Ag district is characterized by numerous veins hosted in Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Western Cordillera (southern Peru). Field studies of the ore bodies reveal a systematic association of a main E–W vein with secondary N55–60°W veins—two directions that are also reflected by the orientation of fluid-inclusion planes in quartz crystals of the host rock. In areas where this pattern is not recognized, such as the Apacheta sector, vein emplacement seems to have been guided by regional N40°E and N40°W fractures. Two main vein-filling stages are identified. stage 1 is a quartz–adularia–pyrite–galena–sphalerite–chalcopyrite–electrum–Mn silicate–carbonate assemblage that fills the main E–W veins. stage 2, which contains most of the precious-metal mineralization, is divided into pre-bonanza and bonanza substages. The pre-bonanza substage consists of a quartz–adularia–carbonate assemblage that is observed within the secondary N45–60°W veins, in veinlets that cut the stage 1 assemblage, and in final open-space fillings. The two latter structures are finally filled by the bonanza substage characterized by a Fe-poor sphalerite–chalcopyrite–pyrite–galena–tennantite–tetrahedrite–polybasite–pearceite–electrum assemblage. The ore in the main veins is systematically brecciated, whereas the ore in the secondary veins and geodes is characteristic of open-space crystallization. Microthermometric measurements on sphalerite from both stages and on quartz and calcite from stage 2 indicate a salinity range of 0 to 15.5 wt% NaCl equivalent and homogenization temperatures bracketed between 200 and 330°C. Secondary CO₂-, N₂- and H₂S-bearing fluid inclusions are also identified. The age of vein emplacement, based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages obtained on adularia of different veins, is estimated at around 11 Ma, with some overlap between adularia of stage 1 (11.4±0.4 Ma) and of stage 2 (10.8±0.3 Ma). A three-phase tectonic model has been constructed to explain the vein formation. Phase 1 corresponds to the assumed development of E–W sinistral shear zones and associated N60°W cleavages under the effects of a NE–SW shortening direction that is recognized at Andean scale. These structures contain the stage 1 ore assemblage that was brecciated during ongoing deformation. Phase 2 is a reactivation of earlier structures under a NW–SE shortening direction that allowed the reopening of the preexisting schistosity and the formation of scarce N50°E-striking S2-cleavage planes filled by the stage 2 pre-bonanza minerals. Phase 3 coincides with the bonanza ore emplacement in the secondary N45–60°W veins and also in open-space in the core of the main E–W veins. Our combined tectonic, textural, mineralogical, fluid-inclusion, and geochronological study presents a complete model of vein formation in which the reactivation of previously formed tectonic structures plays a significant role in ore formation.     

The Bizielle vein (valle de Gistain): A case of iron oxide transformations at the Pyrenees of Spain

The Bizielle vein has some unique features among the Pyrenean alpine veins that allow us to address the question of the nature of iron oxides transformations under low temperature hydrothermal conditions, which is well known to prevailed over wide areas of western Europe between early Triassic to early Cretaceous times. Isotopic studies indicate a deep-seated origin of the ore-forming fluids and suggest that the metals were leached from the Variscan basement (mainly from granites). Isotopic geothermometry and regional evidences point to a 250 °C and reducing fluid, being SH₂ the predominant S specie. Under such conditions, the proposed in situ deposition of hematite is a consequence of Fe carbonates dissolution and oxidation involving dissolution/precipitation processes in the sense of Putnis. Non-redox model is a quite plausible origin for subsequent hematite to magnetite conversion.