Evaluation of the “fishing down marine food web” process in the north-west of Persian Gulf(Khuzestan Province) during the period of 2002–2011

The worldwide increase in commercial fisheries and its impact on ecosystems as well as inefficient fishery management have led to overfishing and frequent breakdown of traditional fish stocks.In this context,an analysis of Khuzestan inshore fisheries data covering the years 2002–2011,was conducted in reliance on testing for occurrence of the fishing down marine food webs(FDMFW) phenomenon in the North of Persian Gulf Large Marine Ecosystem(LME).In this study,the mean trophic level(m TL) and the fishing-in-balance(FIB)-index of Khuzestan landings during this period of time were estimated using the trophic level of 47 fishery resources.Increase in total landings(Y) was observed,which explained the high fishing yield in major fishery resources(especially demersal).Moreover,the moderates decreasing trend in m TL per decade,and the increasing trend in FIB-index were observed.The status of fishery resources in Khuzestan inshore waters(under exploited but not overexploited),the rise in Y,FIB and slightly drop in m TL can be considered as indirect indicators of the fishing impacts on the trophic structure of marine communities.Based on this result,probability occurrence of FDMFW process in Khuzestan inshore waters is low to some extent.However,we suggest that the goal of management programs in Khuzestan inshore waters should prevent the continuance of this trend in the long-term using an ecosystem-based approach.     

Identifying substandard vessels through Port State Control inspections: A new methodology for Concentrated Inspection Campaigns

Substandard vessels that fail to comply with international maritime regulations are the target of Port State Control inspections. Despite their significant costs, many inspections do not lead to any detentions and, in a significant number of cases, no deficiencies are detected. In this paper, quantile regressions for count data are used to estimate the likelihood of having a high number of deficiencies of a specific type. The purpose is to complement existing practices focusing on detention with the objective to improve the selection process. Similar factors influence the likelihood of having a vessel detained and that of having a vessel recording a high number of deficiencies. However, quantile regressions applied to the number of deficiencies help improving the identification of factors influencing the likelihood of finding some specific types of deficiencies, which is the focus of Concentrated Inspection Campaigns. The paper concludes that the selection process for such campaigns should be improved using this new methodology.     

Decomposing productivity and efficiency changes in the Alaska head and gut factory trawl fleet

Fishing fleets are subject to numerous factors that affect economic performance, making identification and attribution of such impacts difficult. This paper separately identifies the effects of changing input and output prices, fishery management, and quota allocations on total factor productivity using a Lowe Index. Indices account for technical change and decompose productivity estimates into its technical, environmental, and scale-mix components. This results in measures that reflect shifts in the production frontier, and movements by vessels toward and around the frontier, to capture economies of scale and mix after a policy shift to a catch share program that includes fishing cooperatives and a limited access fishery. The difference between cooperative and limited access vessels is exploited to compare the changes in economic performance between the groups after the introduction of the shift to catch shares and cooperative management, which allowed the vessels to improve the timing and coordination across multi-species fisheries and to decrease incidental catch of quota-limited bycatch species that had closed the target fisheries prematurely in the past. Results indicate that total factor productivity increased significantly after the move to a catch share program, largely due to increases in technical change that shifted out the production frontier of the fishery.     

Cu2+对青蛤的胁迫效应

为研究青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)对重金属Cu~(2+)的蓄积作用及免疫机能的影响,开展了Cu~(2+)对青蛤的急性毒性实验,观察青蛤在96 h Cu~(2+)半致死浓度和安全浓度胁迫下,不同组织的蓄积趋势,及血淋巴液中SOD、CAT和ACP活性的变化。结果显示:Cu~(2+)的半致死浓度为0.807 mg/L,安全浓度为0.00807 mg/L。鳃和内脏团组织中蓄积的Cu~(2+)浓度与处理时间呈正相关;在半致死和安全浓度胁迫下,鳃组织中Cu~(2+)蓄积速度均快于内脏团;在半致死浓度胁迫下血淋巴液中SOD、CAT和ACP活性呈现先诱导再抑制的趋势,安全浓度下无明显变化,但均高于对照组水平。     

大沽河地下咸淡水过渡带的水-岩作用模拟

大沽河是青岛市最大的地下水源地,过量开采导致严重的地下咸水入侵,研究地下咸-淡水的地球化学作用对于地下咸水的治理具有重要的指导作用。本文选取大沽河地下咸淡水过渡带作为研究区,在地下水动态监测的基础上,通过地下水水质和含水介质矿物分析,借助当前成熟的水文地球化学模拟软件—PHREEQC 2.0,计算地下水中主要离子和络合离子的含量,定量确定矿物的饱和指数和地下水流向上矿物相与水之间的物质交换量。研究结果表明:(1)地下水中钠、钾、镁、钙主要以单一离子形态存在,硫、碳主要以络阴离子形态存在,而硅和铝主要以络合物形态存在;(2)在地下水流动路径上,方解石、白云石、伊利石、高岭土处于过饱和状态;而石膏、CO2、氯化钠、萤石、玉髓处于不饱和状态;(3)咸淡水过渡带地下水化学类型由HCO3-Ca·Na型水向Cl-Na型水转变的趋势。     

东营凹陷八面河北部斜坡带构造特征及形成机制

研究了东营凹陷八面河北部斜坡带的断裂特征、构造演化特征及其形成机制,明确了该区的断裂展布特点和断层活动性,弄清了北部斜坡带的演化规律,同时分析该区的构造变形特征。结果表明：中生代以后,八面河地区存在2种独立的构造变形系统：一是板块边缘相互作用力;二是到后期由于板块的持续俯冲,地幔底辟作用在岩石圈底面产生的牵引力。八面河北部地区在这2种构造力的综合作用下,不同时期表现出不同的构造变形特征。     

无人机与卫星影像的叶面积指数遥感反演研究

针对卫星遥感影像获取的叶面积指数精度较低的问题,该文结合无人机低空航拍影像和卫星影像,基于最小二乘法建立了一种叶面积指数遥感反演方法,并与卫星影像像元二分模型进行了比较。结果表明:从单一植被类型到整体植被叶面积指数的反演,新方法均优于卫星影像的像元二分法,两者整体相对误差分别为27%和35%。4种植被类型中,草本植物对模型的反演精度影响较大,两者相对误差分别为32%和56%。使用该方法准确计算了长汀县相关区域叶面积指数分布,与他人结果一致。该方法提高了卫星遥感影像获取叶面积指数的精度,为大面积高精度估算区域植被提供了一种方法。     

基于高分三号卫星SAR影像的DOM制作方法研究

将星载SAR影像作为光学卫星难以获取数据地区的重要补充数据源,是基础地理信息更新的一种手段。通过对SAR影像成像机理、光谱几何特征等进行研究,总结基于高分三号卫星SAR影像处理的方法和流程,形成星载SAR影像制作DOM产品的生产技术方案,为大规模开展生产实践提供借鉴。     

热带季节内振荡对西北太平洋台风生成的大尺度环境的影响

基于澳大利亚气象局发布的RMM(Real-time Multivariate Madden-Julian oscillation)指数,将热带大气季节内振荡划分为8个位相,统计分析了各位相西北太平洋台风生成频数和位置的变化特征,并进一步利用BDI(Box Difference Index)指数分析了台风生成的活跃和不活跃位相之间环境要素的差别。结果表明,相比于台风生成的不活跃位相(1、2、3位相),在利于台风生成的活跃位相(5、6、7位相)期间,环境场具有更强的低层辐合和高层辐散外流、更高的对流层中层相对湿度和更广的垂直切变较小区域。进一步研究表明,在台风生成的活跃和不活跃位相之间,大尺度环境场的差别主要体现在动力因子方面,尤其是低层辐合场。     

太湖北岸太阳辐射的影响因子研究

利用2 a的太阳辐射资料,对太湖北岸城乡的太阳辐射特征进行了对比分析。发现:(1)城市太阳总辐射较郊区明显偏低,偏低幅度达到13 %以上。(2)太阳辐射量最小值一般发生在冬季,但最强太阳辐射却不一定发生在夏季。这正好与6月中下旬到7月上中旬江南梅雨相对应。(3)太阳辐射率随云量增加而降低,5成云以下太阳辐射率变化不大,天空云量达到5成以上时对太阳辐射有较强的阻挡作用。晴到少云天气,霾的严重程度对太阳辐射率影响较大,重度霾太阳辐射率不到无霾日的75 %。(4)降水对太阳辐射影响很大,但降水量级对太阳辐射的影响却很小。气温与太阳辐射的关系很小,但白天平均气温＜0 ℃和≥30 ℃时太阳辐射率却最大。太阳辐射随日照减少而降低,但在日照时数为0时仍有太阳辐射率存在。太阳辐射基本上随能见度的增加而增加。在晴朗少云的天气里,由于能见度的影响太阳辐射率最大值是最小值的1.53倍。