南方CASS内、外业一体化成图作业方法的完善

南方测绘仪器公司的CASS数字化地形地藉成图软件是基于AutoCAD平台技术的GIS前端数据处理系统,广泛应用于地形成图、地藉成图、工程测量应用、空间数据建库和市政监管等领域。本文把CASS中的“编码引导”与“简码识别”测量方法相结合,进一步完善了CASS外业作业程序,提高了内、外业作业的效率。     

Comparative analysis of coatings on granitic substrates from urban and natural settings (NW Spain)

Rock coatings are frequent on natural rock outcrops and even more on stone surfaces of historical buildings and monuments. They are interesting as some of them have a protective effect against erosion. In the last 30 years, research on rock coatings has been performed separately on either buildings or natural outcrops. This paper studies and compares thin coatings found on granitic rock surfaces of historical buildings with coatings found on natural granite outcrops in a same climatic area (NW Spain) by analysing their surface and cross-sections. As rock surfaces of buildings have known age they can be used to assess rates of weathering and coating growth. This is the first comparative study of formation of coatings on natural and built surfaces in the same region. Both endogenous (rock characteristics) and exogenous factors (climatic conditions, air pollution) that could affect the coatings formation are considered to assess the origin and formation of coatings. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses of the underlying rocks, XRD analyses of the coatings and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of surface and cross-sections of the coatings, performing Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray maps, were carried out to establish their composition. Fieldwork and results indicate that natural outcrops are widely covered by biological coatings or coatings formed due to rock weathering, while coatings found on rock ashlars are highly variable with air pollution, other building materials, organic droppings and micro-environmental factors contributing to coatings on rock ashlars in a more significant way than substrate characteristics and exposure time.     

Validation of OML,AERMOD/PRIME and MISKAM Using the Thompson Wind-Tunnel Dataset for Simple Stack-Building Configurations

A comprehensive dataset on dispersion behind rectangular buildings has been used to analyse the performance of two dispersion models in respect to their handling of building effects: the Danish OML model and the US AERMOD model with the PRIME building algorithm; additionally, the German MISKAM model has been assessed. OML and AERMOD are regulatory plume models with limited requirements in terms of input and computing resources, whereas MISKAM is a computational fluid dynamical model, and as such much more demanding. For most scenarios considered, the degree of misprediction in respect to the maximum concentrations is less than a factor of two for OML and AERMOD. However, in respect to the concentration at a specific location, especially in the near field, both models often result in larger mispredictions. MISKAM provides more accurate predictions.     

浅谈我国建筑节能发展概况

建筑节能是一门综合性学科,根据我国建筑耗能概况,发展新兴节能技术成为我国建筑节能设计的研究方向。其中,智能化建筑的能量监控,可以更好的节约能源。讨论我国节能设计的三大误区,并且参考了四个发达国家的建筑节能措施。呼吁以可持续发展为原则进行建筑设计。     

尾波振幅比和能量比异常特征研究

利用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）兰州台记录的短周期数字地震资料，测定了尾波最大振幅与S波最大振幅之比r1、尾波能量与S波能量之比的平方根值r2随时间的变化。结果表明：在永登主震（19950和天祝-古浪主震（1996）前，r1和r2均出现上升或下降异常变化，且有较大的偏离平均值的异常高值或异常低值出现。     

砖混建筑模型基底隔震实验研究

本文进行了四分之一大比尺砖混建筑模型的铅胶支座基底隔震效应的地震模拟实验工作，研究隔震结构在地震中的反应行为，为隔震技术在我国的推广应用提供了有力的支持。研究结构表明基底隔震技术是一种非常有交且又很安全的抗震措施，值午在工作中推广应用。     

The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage

The 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil was celebrated in 2000 and highlighted the need to review the condition of the countrys remaining colonial built heritage. This revision is particularly apposite in the adjacent cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, where the heritage that survived twentieth century reconstruction has done so largely because of ownership by the church or military. However, whilst this may have protected buildings from demolition, detailed fabric can be neglected or abused. This paper investigates this possibility through an examination of two forts, built primarily of local augen gneiss, that guard the entrance to Guanabara Bay. Natural outcrops exposed to the same humid sub-tropical maritime environment show that this rock is susceptible to slow disaggregation through salt weathering. Surveys suggest that stonework in the forts that is sheltered from rainwash is heavily loaded with salt and has passed a threshold, wherein stresses accumulated over centuries of apparent stability, combined with the effects of a more recent increase in atmospheric pollution and apparently inappropriate intervention (re-pointing), have triggered rapid breakdown that requires immediate intervention.     

A Bayesian method for linear, inequality-constrained adjustment and its application to GPS positioning

One of the typical approaches to linear, inequality-constrained adjustment (LICA) is to solve a least-squares (LS) problem subject to the linear inequality constraints. The main disadvantage of this approach is that the statistical properties of the estimate are not easily determined and thus no general conclusions about the superiority of the estimate can be made. A new approach to solving the LICA problem is proposed. The linear inequality constraints are converted into prior information on the parameters with a uniform distribution, and consequently the LICA problem is reformulated into a Bayesian estimation problem. It is shown that the LS estimate of the LICA problem is identical to the Bayesian estimate based on the mode of the posterior distribution. Finally, the Bayesian method is applied to GPS positioning. Results for four field tests show that, when height information is used, the GPS phase ambiguity resolution can be improved significantly and the new approach is feasible.     

Engineering properties of Hınıs ignimbrites and their usability as a building stone (Erzurum, Turkey)

The survival of several ancient monuments made of ignimbrites in Hınıs town (Erzurum-Anatolia), which has suffered from intense annual temperature fluctuations and strong seismic activity, can mainly be attributed to use of suitable building stones. This paper examines the usability as building stones of Middle Miocene Hınıs ignimbrites that widely outcrop in and around Hınıs town. The petrographical, geochemical, mechanical, and physical properties determined lead to categorization of the ignimbrites as four different types. The Hınıs ignimbrites contain dasite–trachy–andesite and rhyolite. Rhyolite is the strongest material whereas the other types, being more porous, are weaker, lighter, and have good heat-insulation properties. Being light (easily transportable, machinable, and workable), good heat insulators, environmentally friendly (because of natural ventilation), sufficiently elastic to sustain seismic loading in the area under study, and more cost-effective than artificial stones, Hınıs ignimbrites are certainly a preferable option for use as light building stone. These ignimbrites are not suitable for use as floor covering, however, (because of rapid abrasion) or for building structural columns (because of low strength).     

Localised Uniform Conditioning (LUC): A New Approach for Direct Modelling of Small Blocks

Recoverable mineralisation at a given mining selectivity is traditionally modelled from sparse data grids by non-linear geostatistical techniques such as Uniform Conditioning. This method estimates the tonnage and grade of mineralisation which can be extracted as small selective minable blocks from large blocks (panels), whose grade is modelled by Ordinary Kriging. Uniform Conditioning technique estimates the proportions of recoverable mineralisation in each panel without specifying the actual locations of the economically extractable blocks. This inability to predict a spatial location of the recoverable mineralisation is a major disadvantage of the conventional Uniform Conditioning method. A new approach, called Localised Uniform Conditioning, has been developed to overcome this limitation. This method applies the grade–tonnage relationships modelled by the Uniform Conditioning technique to the spatial grade distribution patterns approximated by direct kriging of the small blocks from the sparse data grid. This approach estimates localised selective mining units grades conforming to the proper grade–tonnage curves obtained by the Uniform Conditioning method as well as maintaining the relative spatial grade distribution pattern indicated by the directly kriged small block grades. The advantage of this approach is essentially dependent upon the data available for ranking the small blocks within a panel in increasing order of their grade. Ordinary Kriging of the small blocks can be used for their ranking providing the kriged estimates produce a meaningful indication of the relative grade pattern. Where the data is sparse and not close to a panel, or their distribution is characterised by a strong short-range variability, the advantages of using the Localised Uniform Conditioning approach are more limited.