结合基准面重建的叠前时间偏移方法

提出了一种结合虚拟界面、瑞利积分和相移法的混合的基准面重建方法.通过与叠前时间偏移方法结合,形成了针对起伏地表采集数据的叠前时间偏移方法和新流程.该方法能正确考虑波在近地表传播的实际路径,克服了高速层出露时静校正方法的误差;它也能自己确定虚拟层速度,避免了现行基于波场延拓的基准面重建方法需要准确近地表速度的困难.文中分别用近地表存在明显低速层和近地表有高速层出露这两类模型的理论数据,验证了所发展方法和流程的有效性.     

小尺度地幔对流与海底地形抬升

根据建立的垂直于大洋中脊的二维热对流有限元数值模型,采用常粘性以及与温度相关的粘性两种粘性结构对小尺度地幔对流对海底地形的影响进行了重新研究。该模型的主要特点是采用开放边界条件,从而可以避免原有封闭模型因回流问题而产生的复杂效应。数据结果显示,在常粘性模型中,小尺度地幔对流可造成海底地形抬升;但对与温度相关的粘性模型,小尺度对流对地形几乎不产生影响。     

钟形地形动力抬升和重力波传播与地形云和降水形成关系研究

为更好地理解和认识小尺度地形对降水特性的影响,利用位于云贵高原地区相近的两个国家基准站太华山和昆明站2006—2018年雨季（5—10月）小时降水资料,统计分析了两站降水精细化的时空特征。结果表明,两站的海拔高度差约500 m、站距约5 km,暖季降水量差异不大,但降水的精细特征却存在明显差异,主要表现为：（1）两站的降水量和平均降水强度年际差异不明显,但太华山站多数年份的降水频次远多于昆明站;（2）降水日变化上,太华山站在11—20时的累积降水量要高于昆明站;两站降水频次均具有双峰型特征,但在03—09时和11—17时太华山站的降水频次要明显高于昆明站,00—13时和21—23时昆明站的平均降水强度高于太华山站。（3）两站的降水事件特征不同,太华山站的降水事件次数和累积降水量都明显多于昆明站,主要由持续时间在6 h以上的降水事件贡献。（4）两站降水事件主要为共有降水事件,降水特性差异也主要由共有降水事件造成。太华山站先开始（结束）降水的共有降水事件次数比昆明站多（少）,持续时间（降水频次）比昆明站长（多）,短、长时降水事件的降水量（降水频次）比昆明站大（多）,平均降水持续时间比昆明站多0.36 h。（5）两站单独降水事件占总降水事件的39.9%,太华山站的单独降水事件数是昆明站的1.83倍,而且平均持续时间长于昆明站。

     

Controlling factors of recent clastic coastal sediments (Viransehir,Mersin bay,S Turkey)

The Plio-Quaternary conglomeratic sets within the marine environment of the Viranşehir coast (W Mersin, S Turkey) are responsible for the evolution of sandy and gravely beaches due to their control on various factors such as sea floor irregularity, wave energy, and organic activity. The conglomeratic sets close to the shoreline (50–150 cm) act as wave breakers, creating hard substratum and high energy, well-oxygenated environment for organisms like Patella sp., Phoronida worms and Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer P. 1870). The boring activities of these organisms have disintegrated the sandy matrix of these sets. Finer-grained matrix sediments have been transported to the interset and open sea, while cobble–pebbles have been carried landwards and have created imbricated gravely beach deposits without matrix. Sandy beach is evolving where the conglomeratic sets away from the shoreline (5.0–10.0 m). In this example, sets form a bar; causing fivefold division as backshore, berm, surf zone, bar and offshore from land to sea. Poorly sorted, cobbles-pebbles cobbles and pebbles are found associated with the high-energy environments of bars, whilst well-sorted sands are observed in low energetic environments on shore. The sets and recent shell fragments are the main sources of coastal sediments in Viranşehir. However, the amount of shell fragments decrease towards the active river mouth. This is due to sediment and fresh water influx from the river causing deteriorated temperature, salinity and light penetration of the marine environment resulting in less organic diversity. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

INTERACTION OF TOPOGRAPHY WITH SOLITARY ROSSBY WAVES IN A NEAR-RESONANT FLOW

An inhomogeneous KdV equation including topographic forcing is derived by usingperturbation expansions and stretching transforms of time and space.The generation of forcedsolitary Rossby waves by topography in a near-resonant flow and their interactions with freesolitary waves are discussed,and some interesting results are obtained.The numerical resultsshow that the topography has obvious effect on enhancing the amplitude of disturbances,and itmay explain to some degree the formation of blocking by localized topography.     

A new depression‐dominated delineation (D‐cubed) method for improved watershed modelling

Prior to hydrologic modelling, topographic features of a surface are derived, and the surface is divided into sub‐basins. Surface delineation can be described as a procedure, which leads to the quantitative rendition of surface topography. Different approaches have been developed for surface delineation, but most of them may not be applicable to depression‐dominated surfaces. The main objective of this study is to introduce a new depression‐dominated delineation (D‐cubed) method and highlight its unique features by applying it to different topographic surfaces. The D‐cubed method accounts for the hierarchical relationships of depressions and channels by introducing the concept of channel‐based unit (CBU) and its connection with the concept of puddle‐based unit (PBU). This new delineation method implements a set of new algorithms to determine flow directions and accumulations for puddle‐related flats. The D‐cubed method creates a unique cascaded channel‐puddle drainage system based on the channel segmentation algorithm. To demonstrate the capabilities of the D‐cubed method, a small laboratory‐scale surface and 2 natural surfaces in North Dakota were delineated. The results indicated that the new method delineated different surfaces with and without the presence of depressional areas. Stepwise changes in depression storage and ponding area were observed for the 3 selected surfaces. These stepwise changes highlighted the dynamic filling, spilling, and merging processes of depressions, which need to be considered in hydrologic modelling for depression‐dominated areas. Comparisons between the D‐cubed method and other methods emphasized the potential consequences of use of artificial channels through the flats created by the depression‐filling process in the traditional approaches. In contrast, in the D‐cubed method, sub‐basins were further divided into a number of smaller CBUs and PBUs, creating a channel‐puddle drainage network. The testing of the D‐cubed method also demonstrated its applicability to a wide range of digital elevation model resolutions. Consideration of CBUs, PBUs, and their connection provides the opportunity to incorporate the D‐cubed method into different hydrologic models and improve their simulation of topography‐controlled runoff processes, especially for depression‐dominated areas.     

On the Relationship between Local Topography and Small Glacier Change under Climatic Warming on Mt. Bogda, Eastern Tian Shan, China

Glacial features in the geological record provide essential clues about past behavior of climate. Of the numerous physical systems on earth, glaciers are one of most responsive to climate change, especially small glaciers, their direct marginal response taking only a few years or decades to be expressed. Accelerating recession of modern glaciers raises the issue of the climate’s impact on water runoff. Data based on topographic maps and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Radiometer (ASTER) imagery sho...     

Balancing the source terms in a SPH model for solving the shallow water equations

A shallow flow generally features complex hydrodynamics induced by complicated domain topography and geometry. A numerical scheme with well-balanced flux and source term gradients is therefore essential before a shallow flow model can be applied to simulate real-world problems. The issue of source term balancing has been exhaustively investigated in grid-based numerical approaches, e.g. discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods and finite volume Godunov-type methods. In recent years, a relatively new computational method, smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), has started to gain popularity in solving the shallow water equations (SWEs). However, the well-balanced problem has not been fully investigated and resolved in the context of SPH. This work aims to discuss the well-balanced problem caused by a standard SPH discretization to the SWEs with slope source terms and derive a corrected SPH algorithm that is able to preserve the solution of lake at rest. In order to enhance the shock capturing capability of the resulting SPH model, the Monotone Upwind-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) is also explored and applied to enable Riemann solver based artificial viscosity. The new SPH model is validated against several idealized benchmark tests and a real-world dam-break case and promising results are obtained.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE IN A SMALL MIDWESTERN CITY

Location, timing, and intensities of urban atmospheric moisture anomalies in the relatively small city of Lawrence, Kansas are mapped, explained, and compared with previously studied cities. Forty-five urban-rural dew point distributions were obtained during mornings, afternoons, and evenings in August, September, and October. A meteorologically-equipped auto was used to traverse an 88.5-km route through the major land uses in the city and surrounding countryside. Rural dew points exceeded urban values much more frequently than the reverse. On several dates, a reversal of the urban-rural dew point relationship occurred; in the afternoon, rural dew points were greater than urban values, but at night urban values exceeded those in rural areas. Lowest values often corresponded with the most developed sections of the city, and the central business district exerted the most consistent influence on dew points. Greatest gradients developed on the periphery of the developed area. Pattern complexity was generally at a maximum in the afternoon and was least complex during morning hours. Results compare and contrast with previous urban-rural humidity studies.     

金刚石的同步辐射X射线单色光形貌研究

采用激光装置调节晶体取向的新方法,首次在我国成功获得金刚石的同步辐射X射线单色光形貌图,对天然褐色,白色,淡黄色金刚石,黄绿色高温高压处理金刚石与金黄色辐照处理金刚石进行了研究。实验收集三个主要晶面方向（111）,（400）与（220）,以及衍射摇摆曲线不同位置的单色光形貌图。单色光形貌提高了实验的分辨率,反映了金刚石中位错,滑移系,孪晶等缺陷的空间取向与特征的明确信息。实验中发现衍射摇摆曲线能够反映金刚石的塑性变形程度。