BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

电性任意各向异性且分块连续变化CSAMT三维有限元数值模拟

考虑地球介质电导率任意各向异性且随空间位置连续变化的情况,本文实现了直接求解电磁场的可控源音频大地电磁测深（CSAMT）三维有限元数值模拟.首先给出了电导率任意各向异性介质中CSAMT二次电场满足的控制方程及其相应变分问题,然后采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,在网格单元中对任意各向异性电导率进行线性插值,解决了实际工作中岩矿石电导率各向异性且连续变化的情况,将变分问题转化为线性代数方程组的求解.电导率各向异性且连续变化一维模型三维有限元数值模拟结果与电导率各向异性且分层均匀渐进模型解析解结果对比验证了方法的有效性;三维地电模型电导率随位置线性变化且各向同性、主轴各向异性、方位各向异性和倾斜各向异性的数值模拟结果表明,电导率各向异性且连续变化对CSAMT视电阻率和相位数据均有明显的影响.

     

基于事故统计分析的盐岩地下油/气储库风险评价

基于国外盐岩地下油气储备库曾发生过的重大事故的统计资料,采用风险矩阵法对盐岩储备库在建设和运营过程中的存在的重大风险进行了评价,分析了储备库重大事故的发生概率、风险等级、事故类型以及引发事故的主要原因,为我国盐岩储备库在建设和运营中的风险管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,单个盐穴在建设和运营过程中发生重大事故的统计概率为1.51%,风险等级介于三级和四级之间,属于基本可接受的风险,但必须制定防范、监控措施;事故类型可分为油气渗漏、腔体失效和地表沉陷,其中油气渗漏事故的风险等级为三级,属于可接受风险,其他类型的事故风险等级均为二级,属于可容许风险;引发事故的原因主要是套管破损、蠕变过量和人为失误,其次还有地面装置损坏和盖层失效     

海上高产高含蜡井测试工艺优化研究和应用

为研究海上高产高含蜡油气井测试工艺优化方案,以东海西湖凹陷某井测试作业中所暴露出的问题为导向,开展西湖高产高含蜡储集层测试问题原因分析和国内外技术调研,同时进行了测试管柱和地面测试流程的流动性保障技术研究及原油燃烧保障技术研究。研究表明地面流程结蜡、大油嘴放喷返排出大颗粒碎屑及大产量原油燃烧导致燃烧头损坏是影响测试的主要原因,因此对测试管柱、地面测试流程及燃烧保障等进行工艺优化,以解决高产高含蜡油气井测试相关问题。     

曲流点坝薄夹层构形对驱油效率及剩余油形成与分布的影响

陆相储层单砂体内的薄夹层是形成储层流体流动非均质的主要因素之一,单砂体内部薄夹层极薄、规模小、测井全部识别有一定困难,且位于层内。在油田开发初、中期作用不明显,而在高含水期、三采阶段,单砂体及其渗透率宏观分布已不能详尽揭示层内剩余油分布,层内薄夹层对注入剂驱油的影响及其重要性逐渐显现出来,与渗透率在储层内韵律性分布有同等重要的地位,也是储层精细表征的重要内容。以往只是着重从渗透率在储层内分布的不均衡的角度来研究储层中驱油效率问题,忽略了薄夹层的对储层驱油效率的影响。以大庆油田葡萄花油层组PⅠ2小层曲流河道砂体为例,对曲流河道砂体内部薄夹层构形对驱油效率及剩余油的形成与分布作了初步的分析和探讨。在排除开发因素差异的同井单砂体分析条件下,提出了“单砂体内部薄夹层空间构形 渗透率垂向序列 重力”三因素共同控制剩余油分布、驱油效率多段垂向序列模式。     

石油污染物在海滩颗粒体系中吸附规律的研究

以0#柴油为研究对象,探讨了石油污染物在海滩颗粒体系中的吸附规律,考察了吸附剂(沙粒)的粒径、海水盐度和温度三因素对吸附作用的影响,并对吸附机理进行了分析。结果表明,颗粒物对溶解油的吸附速率较快,其吸附量与沙粒粒径成反比,与盐度成正比,而温度的升高不利于吸附过程的进行。溶解油在颗粒物上的吸附为物理吸附,其吸附模式符合Henery等温吸附式。     

8级特大地震前地震活动平静特征——以中国大陆西部近期2次8级地震为例

中强地震平静图像已被许多研究者认为是强震前的一个典型异常指标。近期中国大陆西部2次8级地震前地震活动图像的研究认为,8级特大地震前不仅中强震出现大面积平静,而且中小地震也会出现大规模平静现象,形成地震空区。震前依据震级由大而小逐级形成配套出现的地震空区,可作为中国大陆西部8级特大地震的中短期预测与8级地震发生地区的判定的一项有实际意义的指标。     

松辽盆地十屋油田营城组油气分布

应用试油与压裂测试分析法、流体组成成份分析法、生产动态分析法和物质平衡分析法对十屋油田营城组营Ⅰ、营Ⅱ、营Ⅲ和营Ⅴ油层组的油气分布进行了精细研究。结果表明, 气层发育在十屋逆断层的北部地区, 分布在八屋断裂的两侧; 营Ⅰ和营Ⅱ油层发育在十屋逆断层北部D3和B7井区; 营Ⅲ和营Ⅴ油层发育于十屋油田东部, 十屋逆断层两侧的A24、A25、A16及A11井区; 油气同层只在南部和北部的少数井区分布。     

上扬子盆地西南缘上组合气藏成藏过程分析

通过对代表上扬子盆地西南缘上组合气藏特征的平落坝、白马庙和观音寺3个典型气藏进行解剖,明确了中侏罗统沙溪庙组天然气分布特征。结合输导体系、流体包裹体成藏期次和构造演化研究成果,分析了气藏成藏过程,总结其成藏模式,以期为有利勘探目标区的选择及评价提供地质依据。上扬子盆地西南缘沙溪庙组气藏以构造-岩性和岩性气藏为主,天然气主要分布在沙溪庙组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段,主要聚集于构造高点。油气成藏时间集中在93～72 Ma,发生过至少2幕油气充注。燕山运动是气藏形成的主要时期,其形成的断层是沟通气源的主要通道;喜山运动是气藏天然气调整的主要时期,喜山期逆冲断层的活动及构造高点的迁移是天然气调整的主要原因。不同构造区域成藏具有差异性：西部褶皱带断-砂匹配、构造、砂体物性是主要控藏因素,构造高点、断层封闭性控制其含气丰度;东部斜坡带断-砂匹配、构造、封闭断层是主要控藏因素,构造高点、砂体物性控制其含气丰度。     

Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to northwestern Saskatchewan lakes east of the Athabasca oil sands

The past several decades have witnessed a significant expansion of mining activities in the Athabasca oil sands region, raising concerns about their impact on the surrounding boreal forest ecosystem. To better understand the extent to which distal sites are impacted by oil sands-derived airborne contaminants, we examine sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments and dated sediment cores from Saskatchewan lakes situated ∼100–220 km east–northeast of the main area of bitumen mining activities. The concentrations and fluxes of both parent and alkylated PAHs are low and show considerable variability over the past 70–100 years. Small yet discernible increases in PAH concentrations and fluxes occurred over the past 30 years, a trend which coincides with the rapid growth in bitumen production. However, several lines of evidence point to wildfires as the principal source of PAHs to these lakes: (1) the significant co-variations in most cores between retene (1-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene) and other groups of parent and alkylated PAHs, (2) the similarity in compound specific δ¹³C signatures of the parent PAHs phenanthrene and pyrene in recently deposited surficial sediments and those corresponding to time intervals considerably pre-dating the large scale development of the oil sands and (3) the discernible up-core increases in the proportion of refractory carbon (i.e., char) in Rock-Eval 6 data. The collective evidence points to softwood combustion from boreal forest fires as the principal source of retene in sediments and the general increase in forest fire activity in this region over the past several decades as the source of refractory carbon. Mining activities associated with the Athabasca oil sands are thus not considered a major source of PAHs to these lakes.