以标准层为基础的井控外推构造作图方法探讨——以塔河西南部志留～泥盆系为例

经历多期构造运动后叠合形成的塔河西南部,用常规速度分析及成图方法都无法制作高精度的构造图,不能满足生产的需要。这里利用塔河西南部钻遇S-D的50口钻、测井资料和3D地震资料,提出了以标准层为基础的井控外推法来拟合速度并最终作构造图的方法。该方法简单实用、成本低,与实际钻探圈闭相对误差小于1.5%,能满足成图精度要求。同时,在研究过程中还发现了多个圈闭,这必将对该区油气资源的重新评价及进一步勘探有重要意义。     

内蒙古西胡里吐盆地下白垩统大磨拐河组沉积相及砂岩型铀矿成矿作用

西胡里吐盆地是一个早白垩世断陷盆地，盆地盖层由下白垩统大磨拐河组构成。受同沉积断裂作用的影响，盆地的古地理格局总体为南陡北缓，南部主要发育冲积扇相、扇三角洲相，盆地北部以河流相、三角洲相为主，仅上部层位发育冲积扇相，而盆地中部的广大区域则以巨厚的湖泊相沉积占优势。大磨拐河组可进一步划分为三个岩性段。第一段形成于盆地断陷发育的初始阶段，以冲积扇、河流、三角洲发育为特征；第二段形成于湖泊迅速扩张至最大时期，沉积了一套巨厚的湖相泥岩，构成盆地盖层的主体，在晚期有河流、三角洲等粗碎屑沉积；第三段以冲积扇的极大发育为特征，代表盆地进入萎缩阶段。三个段总体表现为一段、三段岩性粗、煤层少且薄，二段岩性细、泥岩厚、煤层发育多。从第一段到第三段，基本构成了盆地一次完整的沉积充填历史。主要含矿层位大磨拐河组的沉积特点不仅控制着盆地内铀矿化的空间展布，而且也控制着本区的铀矿化类型。“粗～细～粗”的地层结构特点决定了本区的铀成矿作用主要发生于湖泊最大扩张的上部地层，即第二段上部及第三段的粗碎屑沉积物中，主要矿化层位为该套地层内的冲积扇、辫状河与三角洲相沉积，含矿岩石主要为渗透性好、富含有机质的砂砾岩、砂岩；同时由于上部含矿层位具有“砂多泥少”的特点，决定了本区铀矿化类型主要为具垂直分带的潜水氧化带型，仅局部存在潜水转层间氧化带型。     

Limnology of Two Antarctic Epishelf Lakes and their Potential to Record Periods of Ice Shelf Loss

George VI Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula and its northern margin marks the southern most latitudinal limit of recent ice shelf retreat. As part of a project to reconstruct the long-term (Holocene) history of George VI Ice Shelf we studied two epishelf lakes impounded by the ice shelf at Ablation Point, on the east coast of Alexander Island. These lakes, Moutonnée and Ablation, are stratified water bodies with a lower marine layer and an upper freshwater layer. To determine if their sediment records could be used to detect past changes in the presence or absence of the ice shelf it was necessary to describe their present-day limnology and sedimentology. We measured water column chemistry and sampled the water column and sediments of the lakes along vertical and horizontal transects. We analysed these samples for diatoms, stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, δ¹³C_DIC, δ¹³C_org), geochemistry (TOC, TN, C/N ratios) and physical sedimentology (grain-size). This was supplemented by chemical and biological reference data from the catchments. Results showed that the water columns of both lakes are nutrient limited and deficient in phytoplankton. Benthic productivity is low and decreases with depth. Comparison of water column chemistry with an earlier survey shows a net increase in the thickness of the freshwater layer in Moutonnée Lake between 1973 and 2001, which could indicate that George VI Ice Shelf has thinned during this period. However, a similar trend was not observed in Ablation Lake (5 km to the north) and an alternative explanation is that the changes are a seasonal phenomena. Data from the surface sediment transects identified a number of proxies that respond to the present day stratification of the water column including diatom species composition, stable isotopes and geochemistry, particularly in Moutonnée Lake. Collectively these data have been used to develop a conceptual model for determining past ice shelf configuration in epishelf lakes. Specifically, periods of past ice shelf loss, and the removal of the ice dam, would see the present stratified epishelf lake replaced by a marine embayment. It is suggested that this change would leave a clear signature in the lake sediment record, notably the deposition of an exclusively marine biological assemblage, increased ice rafted debris and δ¹³C_org values that are indicative of marine derived organic matter. These authors contributed equally to this work     

Seasonal contribution of living phytoplankton carbon to vertical fluxes in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain)

The aim of this study is to explore the contribution of living phytoplankton carbon to vertical fluxes in a coastal upwelling system as a key piece to understand the coupling between primary production in the photic layer and the transfer mechanisms of the organic material from the photic zone. Between April 2004 and January 2005, five campaigns were carried out in the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula) covering the most representative oceanographic conditions for this region. Measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC), chlorophyll-a (chl a), phaeopigments (phaeo), and identification of phytoplankton species were performed on the water column samples and on the organic material collected in sediment traps.The POC fluxes measured by the sediment traps presented no seasonal variation along the studied period ranging around a mean annual value of 1085±365 mg m⁻² d⁻¹, in the upper range of the previously reported values for other coastal systems. The fact that higher POC fluxes were registered during autumn and winter, when primary production rates were at their minimum levels points to a dominant contribution of organic carbon from resuspended sediments on the trap collected material. On the contrary, fluxes of living phytoplankton carbon (C_phyto) and chl a clearly presented a seasonal trend with maximum values during summer upwelling (546 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 22 mg chl a m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) and minimum values during winter (22 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.1 mg chl a m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively). The contribution of C_phyto to the vertical flux of POC ranged between 2% and 49% in response to the pelagic phytoplankton community structure. Higher values of C_phyto fluxes were registered under upwelling conditions which favour the dominance of large chain-forming diatoms (Asterionellopsis glacialis and Detonula pumila) that were rapidly transferred to the sediments. By contrast, C_phyto fluxes decreased during the summer stratification associated with a pelagic phytoplankton community dominated by single-cell diatoms and flagellates. Minimal C_phyto fluxes were observed during the winter mixing conditions, when the presence of the benthic specie Paralia sulcata in the water column also points toward strong sediment resuspension.     

An Ecosystem Model Including Nitrogen Isotopes: Perspectives on a Study of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle

We have developed an ecosystem model including two nitrogen isotopes (¹⁴N and ¹⁵N), and validated this model using an actual data set. A study of nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ¹⁵N) using a marine ecosystem model is thought to be most helpful in quantitatively understanding the marine nitrogen cycle. Moreover, the model study may indicate a new potential of δ¹⁵N as a tracer. This model has six compartments: phytoplankton, zooplankton, particulate organic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium in a two-box model, and has biological processes with/without isotopic fractionation. We have applied this model to the Sea of Okhotsk and successfully reproduced the δ¹⁵N of nitrate measured in seawater and the seasonal variations in δ¹⁵N of sinking particles obtained from sediment trap experiments. Simulated δ¹⁵N of phytoplankton are determined by δ ¹⁵N of nitrate and ammonium, and the nitrogen f-ratio, defined as the ratio of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton to total nitrogenous nutrient assimilation. Detailed considerations of biological processes in the spring and autumn blooms have demonstrated that there is a significant difference between simulated δ¹⁵N values of phytoplankton, which assimilates only nitrate, and only ammonium, respectively. We suggest that observations of δ ¹⁵N values of phytoplankton, nitrate and ammonium in the spring and autumn blooms may indicate the ratios of nutrient selectivity by phytoplankton. In winter, most of the simulated biogeochemical fluxes decrease rapidly, but nitrification flux decreases much more slowly than the other biogeochemical fluxes. Therefore, simulated δ¹⁵N values and concentrations of ammonium reflect almost only nitrification. We suggest that the nitrification rate can be parameterized with observations of δ¹⁵N of ammonium in winter and a sensitive study varying the parameter of nitrification rate.     

淮北平原裸地潜水蒸发计算公式比较

依据安徽省五道沟水文试验站观测资料,比较了不同公式在浅埋区黄潮土与砂姜黑土的潜水蒸发计算中的表现.建议使用彭曼公式计算的蒸发能力代替实测水面蒸发以提高拟合效果.对于黄潮土建议采用阿维里扬诺夫公式、沈立昌双曲线公式、叶水庭指数公式和幂函数公式计算潜水蒸发.对于砂姜黑土建议采用阿维里扬诺夫公式、沈立昌双曲线公式、叶水庭指数公式和反logistic公式计算潜水蒸发,不推荐在淮北地区使用清华大学公式.列出了各公式的拟合参数.     

边坡负压排水非稳定流研究

自启动负压排水方法是一种新兴的间歇性波动排水方法,为对该方法的实现机理进行理论研究,建立了可供解析研究的负压排水模型。先引入狄拉克函数表述负压排水模型中点汇的数理特性,并对此模型推求出潜水剖面二维流运动方程及潜水面边界条件;再使用二维傅里叶正逆变换求解负压排水模型的定解问题,得到负压排水渗流场解析解。设置两种工况分别计算了自启动负压排水方法下数值模拟和理论解得到的边坡浸润线曲线,并进行了对比分析。结果表明：在不同排水孔位置工况的3组条件中,排水孔位置越深,理论解误差越大,其中排水孔位置为（24,10）时,靠近排水孔区域理论解与数值模拟结果误差最大;在排水孔位置固定、不同初始水头高度工况的3组条件中,左、右水头越高,理论解误差越大,其中左水头为28 m、右水头为8 m时,理论解与数值模拟结果误差最大。该自启动负压排水渗流场解析解在简化条件下的浸润线理论解与数值模拟结果吻合度较高。     

黄土塬竖井剖面黄土-古土壤碳同位素记录特征

选取位于黄土高原中部西峰和洛川塬面中心地区,分别开挖一个竖井获得L2以来连续黄土-古土壤沉积序列的剖面,并对剖面样品的总有机碳、无机碳酸盐的碳同位素组成进行分析.结果显示黄土-古土壤的有机质碳同位素变化与前人对天然剖面的研究结果一致,同时也注意到黄土-古土壤序列有机碳δ813Corg与无机碳酸盐δ13Ccarb有相似的变化趋势,两者在统计学分析意义上均呈显著正相关关系,西峰塬和洛川塬的相关系数分别为r=0.615和r=0.314,a<0.01,该结果与以往对黄土高原塬面边缘天然露头剖面获得有机碳与总碳酸盐碳同位素呈反相关趋势的结论不一致.对于这种现象的初步解释可能是:(1)来自后期的改造作用:由于黄土沟谷出露的天然剖面多发生在雨水冲刷黄土塬面所切割形成的沟谷两侧,这样天然剖面处于一个开放或半开放的环境,其表层至某一深度受外界水热环境和气体交换影响黄土中的无机碳酸盐;(2)同时黄土-古土壤竖井剖面也可能受土壤CO2分压的影响造成土壤次生碳酸盐的形成而导致同位素变化趋势的复杂性;(3)采样点区域性的差异.结果表明,深入研究不同地区塬面竖井剖面黄土-古土壤碳同位素组成并与相应地区的天然剖面碳同位素组成进行对比,将有助于更准确地理解黄土-古土壤碳同位素所记录的古植被和古气候变化历史.     

震后坡面松散堆积体失稳水力学机理研究

为研究震后强降雨条件下沟道泥石流产生的力学机制及水力学机理,以都江堰市龙池镇银洞子泥石流沟为研究对象,构建坡面松散堆积体地下水位变化水力模型,按照水力学渗流理论,分析了震后泥石流形成区坡面松散堆积体内潜水位变化的特征和规律,定量研究了动静水压力对坡体的作用特点。根据理论分析、实例验证与物理模拟试验的研究结果,获得了对坡面松散物源启动力学机理、启动临界条件及启动模式的深刻认识：(1)在强降雨激发作用下,随着坡体内潜水位不断升高,水力条件不断恶化,最终导致坡面松散堆积体发生失稳破坏;(2)堆积体内潜水位高度是坡面面积(S)、稳态降雨强度(I),坡体几何参数、导水系数(T_D)等参数的综合函数,S、I越大,则潜水层厚度(H)越大,反之,当坡面集雨面积和稳态激发降雨强度一定时,导水系数、坡体宽度和潜水面倾角越大,则坡体内产生潜水层垂直厚度越低;(3)随着坡体内静水压力(P)增加,堆积体基底抗滑力将会降低;随着坡体内动水压力(G_d)增加,坡体下滑力将会增加;(4)根据剩余下滑力的存在形式,震后坡面松散堆积体的启动模式可分为2种,即坡体整体启动的推移式失稳...     

潜水一维非稳态运动的解析理论及应用

讨论了潜水一维非稳态运动Boussinesq方程的对称性,并采用Lie群变换,就某些边界条件求出了其解析解,以便与线性化近似理论作比较;在此基础上,分析了Boussinesq方程线性化所引起的误差问题,并得到了特定条件下严格的零误差线性化方法。最后,通过算例的分析对比,提出了在线性化时应该遵循的一些原则。