斯里兰卡地质演化研究的进展与评述:岩石组合、变质演化及其与冈瓦纳大陆的关系

地球表生环境的演变及生命演化过程,与地球构造过程密切相关,新元古代-寒武纪时期的冈瓦纳大陆汇聚过程见证了一系列剧变。东非造山带(ca. 650～620Ma)和Kuunga造山带(ca. 600～500Ma)是冈瓦纳大陆块体汇聚过程中形成的两条主要造山带,二者在斯里兰卡所在的区域十字交叉。因此斯里兰卡地质演化历史的准确梳理,对理解新元古代时期全球构造过程的重要意义不言而喻。斯里兰卡的四个前寒武纪地质体(Wanni、Kadugannawa、Highland和Vijayan杂岩地体)中,中部的Highland杂岩地体最古老(ca. 2000～1800Ma)、变质程度最高(普遍麻粒岩相,局部为超高温麻粒岩相),其余三个地质体主要岩石的形成时代为中元古代晚期-新元古代(ca. 1100～700Ma),岩石记录的变质级别略低于Highland地体,为角闪岩相-麻粒岩相。现有研究表明斯里兰卡几个地质体在新元古代-寒武纪时期(ca. 610～500Ma)的变质作用记录最为显著,并伴随有广泛的陆壳重熔再造。该构造热事件晚于东非造山带的变质时代(ca. 650～620Ma),与Kuunga造山带活动时间(ca. 600～500Ma)吻合度较高,这与前人提出的莫桑比克缝合带(东非造山带)穿过斯里兰卡的认识相矛盾。斯里兰卡的高级变质作用究竟是单次造山作用的结果,还是代表了两期造山事件的叠加效应,目前尚无定论。高温-超高温变质作用是斯里兰卡前寒武纪基底岩系的显著特征,其中超高温麻粒岩具有假蓝宝石+石英、紫苏辉石(Al_2O_3含量可达～13%)+夕线石、尖晶石+石英等的矿物组合,不同研究者给出超高温峰期变质温度在950～1150℃的范围内,峰期变质压力在10～16kbar的范围内,多显示顺时针演化P-T轨迹。斯里兰卡中东部地区的基性麻粒岩,发育由斜方辉石+斜长石、角闪石+斜长石或单斜辉石+斜长石组成的环绕石榴石的蠕虫状后成合晶结构,指示近等温降压的P-T演化样式,以及峰期变质作用之后地体相对快速抬升的演化过程。紫苏花岗岩在斯里兰卡不同地体中都很常见,与所有的高级变质岩(如泥质、基性麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐岩等)密切伴生,是研究斯里兰卡地质演化不可忽视的岩石类型。紫苏花岗岩的原岩成因较为复杂,其最古老部分的形成时代可能为太古宙或古元古代(～1850Ma),但是没有很好的年代学限定。部分紫苏花岗岩原岩时代为ca. 1100～750Ma,具有钙碱性弧岩浆的地球化学特征,并记录ca. 580～500Ma的变质作用,还有一部分紫苏花岗岩时代与区域麻粒岩相变质作用的峰期时代相当,为ca. 580～550Ma。在一些地区的角闪片麻岩中,还可以观察到补丁状分布的初始紫苏花岗岩,其形成时代多被认为晚于峰期麻粒岩相变质时代。斯里兰卡四个前寒武纪地质体在岩石组合、变质级别、地质年代学格架等方面的差异被普遍认同,暗示这些地质体具有不同的演化历史。但是斯里兰卡不同地质体的汇聚过程是否对应于莫桑比克洋的闭合,以及Kuunga造山带如何改造斯里兰卡的基底岩石,目前并不清楚。本文综述了前人发表的研究结果,主要从斯里兰卡不同地质体岩石组合、高温-超高温变质作用(Highland地体)、变质地质年代学及其对冈瓦纳大陆重建的启示等几个方面,对斯里兰卡地质演化研究进行归纳和小结。在此基础上提出,在斯里兰卡基底构造框架、新元古代晚期-寒武纪高温-超高温变质作用、紫苏花岗岩成因、地质演化的年代学格架、斯里兰卡在冈瓦纳大陆重建中的位置和作用、下地壳热状态和热源机制等诸多方面,还存在问题和争议,是值得未来开展深入研究的方向。     

Micro-XANES determination of ferric iron and its application in thermobarometry

Micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis was employed to determine the content of ferric iron in minerals formed in ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogites. It is observed that omphacite and phengite contain significant amounts of Fe³⁺/Fe_tot (0.2–0.6), whereas only very low contents are present in garnet (Fe³⁺/Fe_tot=0.0–0.03), the latter being consistent with results from stoichiometric charge-balance calculations. Furthermore, considerable variations in the Fe³⁺/Fe_tot ratios of omphacite and phengite are observed depending on the textural sites and local bulk chemistry (eclogite and calc-silicate matrix) within one thin section. The oxidation state of isofacial minerals is thus likely to depend on the local fluid composition, which, in the studied case, is controlled by calcareous and meta-basic mineral compositions. These first in-situ measurements of ferric iron in an eclogite sample from the Dabie Shan, E China, are used to recalculate geothermobarometric data. Calculations demonstrate that the temperature during UHP metamorphism was as high as 780 °C, about 80–100 °C higher than previously estimated. Temperatures based on charge balance calculations often give erroneous results. Pressure estimates are in good agreement with former results and confirm metamorphism in the stability field of diamond (43.7 kbar at 750 °C). These P–T data result in a geothermal gradient of ca. 6 °C/km during UHP metamorphism in the Dabie Shan. However, accounting for ferric iron contents in geothermobarometry creates new difficulties inasmuch as calibrations of geothermometers may not be correctable for Fe³⁺ and the actual effect on Mg–Fe²⁺ partitioning is unknown. The present study further shows that micro-XANES is a promising technique for the in situ determination of ferric iron contents without destroying the textural context of the sample: a clear advantage compared to bulk methods.