Timing of UHP exhumation and rock fabric development in gneiss domes containing the world's youngest eclogite Facies rocks,southeastern Papua New Guinea

The youngest known ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks in the world occur in the Woodlark Rift of southeastern Papua New Guinea. Since their crystallization in the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, these eclogite facies rocks have been rapidly exhumed from mantle depths to the surface and today they remain in the still‐active geodynamic setting that caused this exhumation. For this reason, the rocks provide an excellent opportunity to study rates and processes of (U)HP exhumation. We present New Rb–Sr results from 12 rock samples from eclogite‐bearing gneiss domes in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and use those results to examine the time lag between (U)HP metamorphism and later ductile thinning, penetrative fabric development and accompanying metamorphic retrogression at amphibolite facies conditions during their exhumation. A Rb–Sr age for a sample of mafic eclogite (with no preserved coesite) from the core zone of the Mailolo gneiss dome (Fergusson Island) provides a new estimate of the timing of HP metamorphism (5.6 ± 1.6 Ma). The strongly deformed quartzofeldspathic and granitic gneisses (90–95% by volume) that enclose variably retrogressed relict blocks of mafic eclogite (5–10% by volume) yield Rb–Sr isochron ages from 4.4 to 2.4 Ma. For the UHP‐bearing gneisses of Mailolo dome, previously published U–Pb ages on zircon and our Rb–Sr isochron ages are consistent with a mean time lag of 2.2 ± 1.5 Ma (~95% c.i.) for passage of the rock between eclogite and amphibolite facies conditions. New thermobarometric data indicate that the main syn‐exhumational foliation developed at amphibolite facies conditions of 630–665 °C and 12.1–14.4 kbar. These pressure estimates indicate that the lower crust of the Woodlark Rift was unusually thick (>40 km) at the time of the amphibolite facies overprint, possibly as a result of accumulation and underplating of UHP‐derived material from below. Our data imply a minimum unroofing rate of 10 ± 7 mm year^?1 (~95% c.i.) for the (U)HP body from minimum HP depths (73 ± 7 km) to lower crustal depths. This minimum unroofing rate reinforces previous inferences that the exhumation from the mantle to the surface of the gneiss domes in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands took place at plate tectonic rates. On the basis of previous structural studies and the new thermobarometry, we attribute the high (cm year^?1) exhumation to diapiric ascent of the partially molten terrane from mantle depths, with a secondary contribution from pure shear thinning of the terrane after its arrival in the crust.     

Ultrahigh energy nuclei in the turbulent Galactic magnetic field

In this work we study how the turbulent component of the Galactic magnetic field (GMF) affects the propagation of ultrahigh energy heavy nuclei. We investigate first how the images of individual sources and of the supergalactic plane depend on the properties of the turbulent GMF. Then we present a quantitative study of the impact of the turbulent field on (de-)magnification of source fluxes, due to magnetic lensing effects. We also show that it is impossible to explain the Pierre Auger data assuming that all ultrahigh energy nuclei are coming from Cen A, even in the most favorable case of a strong, extended turbulent field in the Galactic halo.     

超高压下氧化物电导率测量及下地幔电导率的讨论

在金刚石对顶砧压机上,对一些氧化物进行了0—30 GPa 压力范围下的电导率测量,发现所测氧化物可按其电导性质为两类:过渡族元素氧化物和非过渡族元素氧化物前者平均电导率较高且有正压效应,后者平均电导率较低且压力效应不明显.过渡族元素氧化物的高导性质对讨论下地幔的电导事和化学模式具有重要意义.结合前人的研究成果,半定量地估计了700 km 处下地幔的电导率.     

东准噶尔扎河坝超高压变质成因石英菱镁岩的^40Ar／^39Ar同位素年代学信息及地质意义

在扎河坝-阿尔曼泰蛇绿岩岩块内分布着高压-超高压成因的二辉橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩、石英菱镁岩及榴闪岩。石英菱镁岩内多硅白云母的 Si(pfu)值均大于3.35,最高可达3.77,是典型高压-超高压成因的矿物。石英菱镁岩及其围岩蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩的 K_2O 含量极低,且多硅白云母的 Na/(Na K)比值小于0.04,这些地球化学特征显示,扎河坝多硅白云母不应含有过剩 Ar,是一个理想的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 定年对象。精确的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 年代学研究结果表明,扎河坝石英菱镁岩中多硅白云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 同位素年龄为281.6±2.5Ma。而矿物化学特征表明,扎河坝石英菱镁岩中的多硅白云母曾经历了退变质作用的改造,因此,它代表的应该是超高压变质石英菱镁岩的折返年龄。多硅白云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 年代学研究结果表明,扎河坝-阿尔曼泰蛇绿混杂岩内超高压石英菱镁岩的折返事件应发生在早二叠世。     

苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查(Ⅱ)——非地震方法

在北苏鲁超高压变质带(UHPM)上开展了深反射地震的同时,进行了大地电磁、地磁、放射性测量和重磁编图.本文介绍用这些方法取得的结果.两条区域性的地球物理剖面总长126km,经过二维反演取得了电阻率和磁性体剖面.结果表明:(1)大地电磁等综合地球物理资料与深反射地震剖面的推断结果基本一致,同样反映了UHPM岩块的俯冲折返与后期的隆升.(2)非地震地球物理资料不仅为地震解释提供约束,还可以提供地热流上涌、断裂和磁性体分布等更多的信息.(3)新发现莒南-海州北北西向断裂,对研究本区构造演化有重要意义.(4)根据地热流上涌、侵入体多和高波速体埋藏较深等特征,认为在本区进行科学钻探不够理想.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔0-4000m岩心的裂变径迹年龄测定

对中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔0～4000的岩心样进行了裂变径迹年龄测定。在不同深度共测定了38个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄，磷灰石的裂变径迹年龄数据分布在98．6-3．2Ma之间，年龄值的变化规律总体上是随钻孔深度的增加而逐渐减少，地表样的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄是87．1Ma，至3899m深处则为3．2Ma，基于磷灰石中裂变径迹的退火特征，反映出地壳温度随深度的增加而增加的规律。年龄值随深度的变化，也有若干波动，尤其是1550～2450m之间的这部分岩心，在年龄随深度变化的趋势上是不连续的，这部分岩体可以认为是一个重要的构造作用带。根据年龄一深度关系和约束径迹长度的分布特征，对超高压变质岩体的后期折返机制进行了探讨。     

大别山中生代钾质岩浆作用与超高压变质地体的剥露机理

在已知的超高压变质地体中, 大别山是碰撞后花岗岩类侵入作用最为强烈的唯一地区。这里, 中生代的钾玄岩系列和高钾钙碱性系列的侵入岩, 可以依其年龄和组成特征划分为３ 组。第 Ｉ组, 主要由晚三叠世 （约２１０ Ｍａ） 二长闪长岩辉长岩体组成, 它可能是在板片断离过程中富集的大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物 （板片断离型）; 第 Ｉ Ｉ组, 由中侏罗世－ 早白垩世 （１６０～１２０ Ｍａ） 的角闪石英二长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩组成, 主要是由幔源岩浆的分离结晶与地壳混染共同作用的产物 （岩浆底垫型）; 第 Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ组, 以白垩纪 （１２５～９５ Ｍａ） 的花岗岩和花岗斑岩为代表, 是在热穹窿作用过程中大别杂岩深熔作用和高度演化的产物 （穹窿型）。大别山超高压变质岩通过地幔的剥露可能与晚三叠世—早侏罗世的板片断离有关, 而大规模的岩浆侵位与超高压变质岩的快速剥露相伴出现说明, 岩浆底垫和岩浆漂浮作用可能在大别山中侏罗世—早白垩世的快速剥露中发挥了重要作用。     

Omphacite-bearing calcite marble and associated coesite-bearing pelitic schist from the meta-ophiolitic belt of Chinese western Tianshan

In the meta-ophiolitic belt of Chinese western Tianshan, marble (5–50 cm thick) is found interlayered with pelitic schist. The marble is mainly composed of calcite (>90% in volume) and accessory phases include omphacite, quartz, dolomite, albite, phengite, clinozoisite and titanite with or without rutile core. This is the first omphacite (Jd_35–50) reported from marble of Chinese western Tianshan. It mainly occurs in the calcite matrix, rarely as inclusion in albite. The presence of omphacite suggests that the layered marble was subjected to eclogite-facies metamorphism, consistent with the occurrence of high-Si phengite (Si a.p.f.u. up to 3.7) and aragonite relic in albite. The associated pelitic schist consists of quartz, white mica (phengite + paragonite), garnet, albite, amphibole (barroisite ± glaucophane) and rutile/titanite, as well as minor amounts of dolomite, tourmaline and graphite. Coesite is optically recognized within porphyroblastic pelitic garnet and is further confirmed via Raman spectroscopy. Thermodynamic models support the UHP metamorphism of calcite marble, similar to the associated pelitic schist. Shared UHP-LT history of calcareous and pelitic rocks in Chinese western Tianshan suggests that the supracrustal carbon-rich sediments have been carried to depths of >90 km during fast subduction and thus are potential sources for carbon recycled into arc crust.     

Geochemical signatures of Variscan eclogites from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, central Europe

From the abundant metre to km-sized eclogite bodies in the Variscan crystalline complex of the Saxonian Erzgebirge we have investigated 19 samples from the ultrahigh pressure area at the Saidenbach reservoir. Twenty-two samples were from the south-western Erzgebirge, and from occurrences located only some km away from the reservoir. These samples were analysed for major and trace elements using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The non-Saidenbach eclogites (SiO₂=49–53 wt%) can be derived from N-mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) partially transitional to P-MORBs (e.g., (Nb)_N: 3–36; (Sr)_N: 4–17; (La/Sm)_N<1.5 (in most instances <0.7) and (Sm/Yb)_N around 1.2). Eclogites from the Saidenbach reservoir (SiO₂=49–61 wt%) are characterised by (Nb)_N: 20–170; (Sr)_N: 9–43; (La/Sm)_N: 1.2–3.0; (Sm/Yb)_N: 1.4–8.8, and a clear negative Eu anomaly for the Si-rich samples, thus, being significantly different from the other investigated eclogites. These signatures point to protoliths related to within plate igneous rocks. However, we also discuss the possibilities of (1) protoliths related to a magmatic arc along an active continental margin and (2) the formation by melting of crustal material in the deep mantle and final crystallisation in the lowermost continental crust similar to the adjacent diamondiferous quartzofeldspathic rocks.Due to the specific geochemical signatures of eclogites in the Saidenbach area including other facts, this ultrahigh pressure region is believed to represent a section of lowermost crust not outcropping in other portions of the Saxonian Erzgebirge.