光降解-过硫酸钾方法分析水中溶解有机磷

对紫外(UV)光降解-过硫酸钾方法分析溶解有机磷的条件进行比较分析,在UV/加热条件下溶解有机磷的氧化率最高.进一步考察氧化剂的酸碱性和浓度对溶解有机磷氧化率的影响.Cl-和海水介质可以使溶解有机磷的氧化率显著降低.可以通过改变UV灯的功率、反应时间、反应温度、氧化剂等条件提高溶解有机磷的氧化率.     

阳光紫外辐射对绿藻石莼光化学效率的影响

探讨太阳紫外辐射(UVR)对大型海藻的影响,选择常见的海藻石莼(Ulva lactuca)为实验材料,研究了其光化学效率与UVR的关系.实验结果表明,石莼光化学效率在较强太阳辐射下急剧下降,在下午光强变弱时开始恢复,显示了一个明显的日变化模式:早上和下午保持较高的水平,中午降为最低.其光化学效率的日变动,与可见光和UVR均有关系,在中午高太阳辐射下,UV-B对藻体光化学效率的影响较大.长期实验结果显示,UVR对石莼光化学效率的影响,在实验的第二天表现为最大,随之逐渐减弱.本实验的研究结果可为研究阳光紫外线对大型海藻生长和生理的影响提供一定参考.     

CO2升高和阳光紫外辐射对坛紫菜生长和光合特性的耦合效应

大气CO₂持续升高,导致溶入海水中的CO₂增多,海水表层的H+浓度增加,从而引起海洋酸化。为了探讨近岸定生大型海藻对这种环境变化的响应,本文选择经济海藻坛紫菜为实验材料,研究海洋酸化与紫外辐射对藻体生长以及光合特性的影响。实验分两个CO₂处理,分别为正常空气水平(390 ppmv)和高CO₂水平(800 ppmv); 三种辐射处理,分别为全波长辐射(PAB)、滤除紫外线B(PA)和仅接受可见光处理(PAR)。研究结果表明,CO₂培养下的坛紫菜,在仅有可见光(P)或者同时有紫外线A(PA)存在的情况下,显著促进藻体的生长;但在全波长辐射处理下(PAB),这种作用不明显。高CO₂降低了藻体在P和PA处理下的光合作用速率,但对PAB处理作用不显著。高CO₂处理下的藻体,UV-B显著降低了全波长辐射下藻体紫外吸收物质的含量,但在正常CO₂水平下,紫外辐射的作用不显著。这表明高CO₂导致的生长优势被紫外辐射的负面效应所抵消,在全球变化的过程中,紫外辐射的进一步加强在海洋酸化的背景下甚至有可能降低坛紫菜的产量。     

湖泊沉积物中磷形态标准物质研制

水体富营养化与沉积物中磷元素的形态有密切关系。为了准确测定沉积物中不同形态的磷的含量,欧盟在2000年研制了第一个湖泊沉积物中磷形态标准物质(BCR 684),但基本用尽已不能满足需求,而且该标准物质采集于欧洲某湖泊,沉积物类型及污染情况与我国湖泊不相匹配。本文结合我国沉积物的类型和湖泊污染状况,研制了我国首批2个湖泊沉积物中磷形态标准物质(编号为 GBW 07462和GBW 07463)。候选物样品采集地点为江苏太湖和湖南洞庭湖,样品经过自然干燥、研磨、灭菌、陈化等加工处理,随机抽取15个子样采用单因素方差分析(F检验法)进行均匀性检验,检验的F实测值均小于临界值,表明样品均匀性良好。根据ISO导则35推荐方法对候选物样品在一年内进行四次稳定性检查,分析结果无方向性变化,再通过2次验证实验,样品稳定性良好。此批磷形态标准物质采用8家实验室联合定值,定值参数包括五种磷形态:总磷、无机磷、有机磷、磷灰石态磷、非磷灰石态磷;磷形态提取方法采用欧盟SMT法,测定方法采用钼锑钪光度法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(实验过程中用欧盟BCR 684作为质量监控);按照《一级标准物质研制规范》(JJG 1006—1994)和ISO导则35的要求给出了五种磷形态的标准值和不确定度。此批磷形态标准物质样品代表了我国典型富营养化湖泊的沉积物类型,采样点的区域代表性强,定值项目选择合理、量值准确,可应用于环境、地质、农业、地球化学等研究领域沉积物的磷形态样品质量监控。     

乙酰微小杆菌生物合成5-甲基尿苷的研究

用乙酰微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium acetylicum)完整细胞作为酶源,催化鸟苷和胸腺嘧啶合成抗艾滋病药物关键中间体5-甲基尿苷,并对影响菌体生长和5-甲基尿苷转化率的因素进行了考察。采用紫外诱变方法获得高表达核苷磷酸化酶菌种,使5-甲基尿苷的转化率提高到了75.8%;对培养基进行了碳源和氮源的优化,结果表明,3 g/L葡萄糖、20 g/L玉米浆、4 g/L NH4Cl有利于菌体生长;通过响应曲面(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)法获得了较为合适的转化条件:0.03 g/L MnSO4加入到pH值为8.0的磷酸缓冲液,两种底物浓度均为67 mmol/L,反应温度为56℃。     

MSX mid-infrared imaging of massive star birth environments – I. Ultracompact H ii regions

In solar extreme ultraviolet spectra the He  i and He  ii resonance lines show unusual behaviour and have anomalously high intensities compared with other transition region lines. The formation of the helium resonance lines is investigated through extensive non-local thermal equilibrium radiative transfer calculations. The model atmospheres of Vernazza, Avrett & Loeser are found to provide reasonable matches to the helium resonance line intensities but significantly overestimate the intensities of other transition region lines. New model atmospheres have been developed from emission measure distributions derived by Macpherson & Jordan, which are consistent with SOHO observations of transition region lines other than those of helium. These models fail to reproduce the observed helium resonance line intensities by significant factors. The possibility that non-Maxwellian electron distributions in the transition region might lead to increased collisional excitation rates in the helium lines is studied. Collisional excitation and ionization rates are recomputed for distribution functions with power-law suprathermal tails that may form by the transport of fast electrons from high-temperature regions. Enhancements of the helium resonance line intensities are found, but many of the predictions of the models regarding line ratios are inconsistent with observations. These results suggest that any such departures from Maxwellian electron distributions are not responsible for the helium resonance line intensities.     

1961～2000年中国生态区紫外辐射的时空演变特征

通过ANUSPLINE空间插值以及气候学意义上的幂函数换算,探讨中国大陆生态区紫外辐射时空动态变化规律。结论如下:(1)紫外辐射多年平均值和多年季节平均值大致以季风区和非季风区分界为界线,呈现西部高东部低的总体格局,这主要与中国的地势和气候特点有关。(2)部分生态区40 a来年和四季紫外辐射呈显著减少趋势;冬季的紫外辐射年际间变化程度较大,其次是夏季和秋季,春季和年均紫外辐射年际变化较小;可分1961~1972、1973~1990、1991~2000年3个时段,大部分生态区第二时段年和季节紫外辐射平均值较小,第三时段普遍又开始增大,比第一时段小。     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Gold (III) after Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Selective Pre‐concentration with a Novel Dibenzo‐18‐Crown‐6 Derivative

A selective and sensitive method for the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of gold with N,N′‐6,7,9,10,17,18,20,21‐octahydrodibenzo[b,k][1,4,7,10,13,16] hexaoxacyclo‐octadecine‐2,13–diylbis(2‐chloroacetamide) (ODBOCA) is described. The ODBOCA–Au(III) complex was extracted from a slightly acidic aqueous solution (pH 5) into a chloroform layer and then the absorbance of the extract was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer with 1.0 cm quartz cells at 540 nm. An enrichment factor of 200 was achieved. In the chloroform medium at 540 nm, the molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 4.12 × 10³ l mol^?1 cm^?1 and 0.048 μg cm^?2, respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.5–15 μg ml^?1 in the measured solution. The relative standard deviation for ten replicate samples at the 1.0 μg ml^?1 level was 3.0%. The limit of detection, based on 3s, was 0.5 μg l^?1 in the original sample. The effects of pH, ligand concentration and shaking time were studied. The ratio of the metal ion to ligand molecules in the complex was found to be 1:2 according to the Job Method. The effects of interference by a number of metal ions were investigated. The method was verified with certified reference materials and spiked tests, and quantitative recovery values were obtained. The method was fast, accurate, selective and precise, and was applied to the determination of gold in water and ore with good results.     

Comparison of UV and IR Laser Ablation ICP-MS on Silicate Reference Materials and Implementation of Normalisation Factors for Quantitative Measurements

Direct analysis of geological reference materials was performed by LA-ICP-MS using two Nd:YAG laser systems operating at 266 nm and 1064 nm. The aim of this work was to compare UV and IR laser ablation and to assess the potential of the technique for the quantitative bulk analysis of rocks, sediments and soils. The laser sampling process was investigated and the analytical performance of both systems was compared. The influence of the laser operating conditions and the nature of the matrix on ICP-MS response factors calculated for major, minor and trace elements was evaluated. Under consistent laser settings, the response factors appeared to be matrix dependent. For a given matrix, the response factors were also significantly different for the two lasers. Normalisation with a single matrix element was effective only for matrices with similar mineralogy. When operating at 266 nm instead of 1064 nm, matrix effects could be reduced but not overcome. However, variations of the response factors between the different matrices appeared to be similar within distinct groups of elements, reflecting geochemical associations. When using multiple internal standards, matrix effects but also effects of the laser wavelength, could be fully compensated.