全文获取类型
收费全文 | 692篇 |
免费 | 85篇 |
国内免费 | 130篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 3篇 |
大气科学 | 378篇 |
地球物理 | 226篇 |
地质学 | 83篇 |
海洋学 | 157篇 |
天文学 | 10篇 |
综合类 | 14篇 |
自然地理 | 36篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 20篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 14篇 |
2017年 | 15篇 |
2016年 | 19篇 |
2015年 | 14篇 |
2014年 | 31篇 |
2013年 | 40篇 |
2012年 | 30篇 |
2011年 | 43篇 |
2010年 | 27篇 |
2009年 | 60篇 |
2008年 | 59篇 |
2007年 | 68篇 |
2006年 | 64篇 |
2005年 | 52篇 |
2004年 | 39篇 |
2003年 | 35篇 |
2002年 | 29篇 |
2001年 | 28篇 |
2000年 | 22篇 |
1999年 | 21篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 26篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有907条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
A wind-tunnel experiment was designed and carried out to study the effect of a surface roughness transition on subfilter-scale
(SFS) physics in a turbulent boundary layer. Specifically, subfilter-scale stresses are evaluated that require parameterizations
and are key to improving the accuracy of large-eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer. The surface transition
considered in this study consists of a sharp change from a rough, wire-mesh covered surface to a smooth surface. The resulting
magnitude jump in aerodynamic roughnesses, M = ln(z
01/z
02), where z
01 and z
02 are the upwind and downwind aerodynamic surface roughnesses respectively, is similar to that of past experimental studies
in the atmospheric boundary layer. The two-dimensional velocity fields used in this study are measured using particle image
velocimetry and are acquired at several positions downwind of the roughness transition as well as over a homogeneous smooth
surface. Results show that the SFS stress, resolved strain rate and SFS transfer rate of resolved kinetic energy are dependent
on the position within the boundary layer relative to the surface roughness transition. A mismatch is found in the downwind
trend of the SFS stress and resolved strain rate with distance from the transition. This difference of behaviour may not be
captured by some eddy-viscosity type models that parameterize the SFS stress tensor as proportional to the resolved strain
rate tensor. These results can be used as a benchmark to test the ability of existing and new SFS models to capture the spatial
variability SFS physics associated with surface roughness heterogeneities. 相似文献
42.
本文使用Cluster-C1卫星的CIS仪器和FGM仪器测量得到的质子通量数据和计算的β数据,判断Cluster卫星在地球磁尾不同位置位于等离子体片内的概率.使用2001-2004年7-11月的Cluster-C1数据,分别在行星际磁场南向和北向时,得出XRE区域内卫星位于等离子体片的概率在Y-Dz平面的分布图(Dz是卫星到中性片的距离).通过对比行星际磁场南向和北向时的卫星位于等离子体片的概率的分布图,我们发现等离子体片在行星际磁场南向时比在行星际磁场北向时要薄,并且这个效应在磁尾晨昏两侧比在午夜附近明显,同时我们还发现等离子体片在晨侧比在昏侧厚. 相似文献
43.
Luwen WANG Jiwen GE Liang FENG Yaoyao LIU Yu LI Jiumei WANG Xiang XIAO Zhiqi ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(8):1375-1385
Wetland ecosystems are the most important natural methane (CH4) sources, whose fluxes periodically fluctuate. Methanogens (methane producers) and methanotrophs (methane consumers) are considered key factors affecting CH4 fluxes in wetlands. However, the symbiotic relationship between methanogens and methanotrophs remains unclear. To help close this research gap, we collected and analyzed samples from four soil depths in the Dajiuhu subalpine peatland in January, April, July, and October 2019 and acquired seasonal methane flux data from an eddy covariance (EC) system, and investigated relationships. A phylogenetic molecular ecological networks (pMENs) analysis was used to identify keystone species and the seasonal variations of the co-occurrence patterns of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities. The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the interactions between methanogenic and methanotrophic communities contributed to CH4 emissions in wetlands. The keystone species discerned by the network analysis also showed their importance in mediating CH4 fluxes. Methane (CH4) emissions in wetlands were lowest in spring; during this period, the most complex interactions between microbes were observed, with intense competition among methanogens while methanotrophs demonstrated better cooperation. Reverse patterns manifested themselves in summer when the highest CH4 flux was observed. Methanoregula formicica was negatively correlated with CH4 fluxes and occupied the largest ecological niches in the spring network. In contrast, both Methanocella arvoryzae and Methylocystaceae demonstrated positive correlations with CH4 fluxes and were better adapted to the microbial community in the summer. In addition, soil temperature and nitrogen were regarded as significant environmental factors to CH4 fluxes. This study was successful in explaining the seasonal patterns and microbial driving mechanisms of CH4 emissions in wetlands. 相似文献
44.
Chung-Lin SHIE Long S. CHIU Robert ADLER Eric NELKIN I-I LIN Pingping XIE Feng-Chin WANG R. CHOKNGAMWONG William OLSON D. Allen CHU 《大气科学进展》2009,26(6):1071-1080
Accurate sea surface flux measurements are crucial for
understanding the global water and energy cycles. The oceanic
evaporation, which is a major component of the global oceanic fresh
water flux, is useful for predicting oceanic circulation and
transport. The global Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent
Fluxes Version-2 (GSSTF2; July 1987--December 2000) dateset that was
officially released in 2001 has been widely used by scientific
community for global energy and water cycle research, and regional
and short period data analyses. We have recently been funded by NASA
to resume processing the GSSTF dataset with an objective of
continually producing a uniform dataset of sea surface turbulent
fluxes, derived from remote sensing data. The dataset is to be
reprocessed and brought up-to-date (GSSTF2b) using improved input
datasets such as a recently upgraded NCEP/DOE sea surface
temperature reanalysis, and an upgraded surface wind and microwave
brightness temperature V6 dataset (Version 6) from the Special
Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) produced by Remote Sensing Systems
(RSS). A second new product (GSSTF3) is further proposed with a
finer temporal (12-h) and spatial (0.25ox0.25o)
resolution. GSSTF2b (July 1987--December 2008) and GSSTF3 (July
1999--December 2009) will be released for the research community to
use by late 2009 and early 2011, respectively. 相似文献
45.
Giuseppina Scavone Vito Telesca Vicente Caselles Vito A. Copertino Vittoria Pastore Enric Valor 《水文研究》2014,28(1):25-36
Mass and energy transfer between soil, vegetation and atmosphere is the process that allows to maintain an adequate energy and water balance in the earth–atmosphere system. However, the evaluation of the energy balance components, such as the net radiation and the sensible and latent heat fluxes, is characterized by significant uncertainties related to both the dynamic nature of heat transfer processes and surfaces heterogeneity. Therefore, a detailed land use classification and an accurate evaluation of vegetation spatial distribution are required for an accurate estimation of these variables. For this purpose, in the present article, a pixel‐oriented supervised classification was applied to obtain land use maps of the Basilicata region in Southern Italy by processing three Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite images. An accuracy analysis based on the overall accuracy index and the agreement Khat of Cohen coefficient showed a good performance of the applied classification methodology and a good quality of the obtained maps. Subsequently, these maps were used in the application of a simplified two‐source energy balance model for estimating the actual evapotranspiration at a regional scale. The comparison between the simulations made by applying the simplified two‐source energy balance model and the measurements of evapotranspiration at a lysimetric station located in the study area showed the applicability and the validity of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
46.
Long‐term monitoring of a mercury contaminated estuary (Ria de Aveiro,Portugal): the effect of weather events and management in mercury transport
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
J. P. Coelho P. Pato B. Henriques A. Picado A. I. Lillebø J. M. Dias A. C. Duarte M. E. Pereira M. A. Pardal 《水文研究》2014,28(2):352-360
The main aim of this research was to assess the mercury transport from an estuarine basin with a background of anthropogenic contamination during a spring tidal cycle (year 2009) and compare it with two previous tidal cycles (years 1994 and 1999), as part of a long‐term monitoring program. Results showed that effective mercury transport occurs both in the dissolved and particulate fractions (0.18 and 0.20 kg per tidal cycle, respectively), and despite an overall decrease in environmental contamination, results more than double previous findings on particulate transport in the system. These findings result essentially from changes in the tidal prism (net export of 2 million m3 of water), given that both dissolved and particulate concentrations did not increase over time. Hydrodynamic simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of physical disturbance (dredging) and weather events (increased freshwater flow) in these processes, and results suggest the increased freshwater flow into the system as the main forcing function for the mercury transport increment. These results highlight the importance of long‐term monitoring programs, since despite an overall improvement in local contamination levels, the enhancement of transport processes through hydrological changes increases environmental pressure away from the contamination source. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
47.
Mingjuan Xie Geping Luo Olaf Hellwich Amaury Frankl Wenqiang Zhang Chunbo Chen Chen Zhang Philippe De Maeyer 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14444
The study of water fluxes is important to better understand hydrological cycles in arid regions. Data-driven machine learning models have been recently applied to water flux simulation. Previous studies have built site-scale simulation models of water fluxes for individual sites separately, requiring a large amount of data from each site and significant computation time. For arid areas, there is no consensus as to the optimal model and variable selection method to simulate water fluxes. Using data from seven flux observation sites in the arid region of Northwest China, this study compared the performance of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and multiple linear regression (MLR) models in simulating water fluxes. Additionally, the study investigated inter-annual and seasonal variation in water fluxes and the dominant drivers of this variation at different sites. A universal simulation model for water flux was built using the RF approach and key variables as determined by MLR, incorporating data from all sites. Model performance of the SVM algorithm (R2 = 0.25–0.90) was slightly worse than that of the RF algorithm (R2 = 0.41–0.91); the BPNN algorithm performed poorly in most cases (R2 = 0.15–0.88). Similarly, the MLR results were limited and unreliable (R2 = 0.00–0.66). Using the universal RF model, annual water fluxes were found to be much higher than the precipitation received at each site, and natural oases showed higher fluxes than desert ecosystems. Water fluxes were highest during the growing season (May–September) and lowest during the non-growing season (October–April). Furthermore, the dominant drivers of water flux variation were various among different sites, but the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil moisture and soil temperature were important at most sites. This study provides useful insights for simulating water fluxes in desert and oasis ecosystems, understanding patterns of variation and the underlying mechanisms. Besides, these results can make a contribution as the decision-making basis to the water management in desert and oasis ecosystems. 相似文献
48.
为了深入理解非静力近似下的波-湍相互作用问题,本研究在σ坐标的海洋环境研究和预报模型(MERF)中引入常用的Mellor-Yamada两方程湍混合参数化方案(MY2.5),评估垂向湍混合对小尺度背风波传播过程的影响.瞬时状态场的模拟结果表明,无论是否为非静力近似条件,上述湍参数化方案的引入都会减弱背风波传播的模拟效果.从时间平均场的试验结果来看,垂向湍混合过程会显著减小非静力近似和静力近似之间的差异.此外,能量收支分析的诊断结果表明,MY2.5方案会显著抑制陆坡地形下的背风波传播过程,进而将更多的潮能转化到不可逆的湍混合过程中. 相似文献
49.
Nicolas Rascle Fabrice Ardhuin Pierre Queffeulou Denis Croiz-Fillon 《Ocean Modelling》2008,25(3-4):154-171
Ocean surface mixing and drift are influenced by the mixed layer depth, buoyancy fluxes and currents below the mixed layer. Drift and mixing are also functions of the surface Stokes drift Uss, volume Stokes transport TS, a wave breaking height scale Hswg, and the flux of energy from waves to ocean turbulence Φoc. Here we describe a global database of these parameters, estimated from a well-validated numerical wave model, that uses traditional forms of the wave generation and dissipation parameterizations, and covers the years 2003–2007. Compared to previous studies, the present work has the advantage of being consistent with the known physical processes that regulate the wave field and the air–sea fluxes, and also consistent with a very large number of in situ and satellite observations of wave parameters. Consequently, some of our estimates differ significantly from previous estimates. In particular, we find that the mean global integral of Φoc is 68 TW, and the yearly mean value of TS is typically 10–30% of the Ekman transport, except in well-defined regions where it can reach 60%. We also have refined our previous estimates of Uss by using a better treatment of the high frequency part of the wave spectrum. In the open ocean, Uss 0.013U10, where U10 is the wind speed at 10 m height. 相似文献
50.
Localized (domainal) low-temperature alteration may indicate variations in the chemistry of alteration fluids and/or discrete fluid flow paths during metamorphism. Occurrences of epidote- and pumpellyite-dominated domains are often used as evidence for large fluxes of Ca-rich fluids. However, comparative studies of two domainal alteration styles from basaltic to andesitic lavas and volcaniclastic rocks at Builth Wells, Wales, UK suggest that such interpretations cannot be applied universally. Here, only one set of domains can be attributed to large fluxes of Ca-rich fluids. In contrast, the second set of domains formed where the host rock supplied the necessary Ca, and fluid/rock ratios were relatively low. These domains are hosted by rocks which show a Caledonian regional metamorphic imprint, characterized by the alteration assemblage albite+chlorite+titanite±prehnite±pumpellyite±calcite±muscovite±quartz (considered to have formed at c. 200°C and ≤2.5 kbar). Type 1 domains lie along fluid channelways, such as veins. Pumpellyite is the dominant secondary mineral, but the alteration assemblage is variable with pumpellyite±prehnite±calcite±titanite±chlorite (±quartz). The domains formed at temperatures of 130–230°C during Ordovician hydrothermal activity, before the peak of regional metamorphism. In contrast, Type 2 domains are not associated with obvious fluid channelways. A central prehnite-dominated zone typically has a rim with the assemblage pumpellyite+calcite±prehnite±chlorite±titanite±K-rich phyllosilicate. These domains probably formed from pelitic xenoliths which contained a volcaniclastic component at temperatures of 130–230°C and at relatively low fluid/rock ratios. However, the timing of domain formation is uncertain. Pyrobitumen, in veins and disseminated throughout the rock, may have influenced the formation of both types of domain by stabilizing pumpellyite in preference to epidote and causing metamorphic calcite formation through the release of CO2 to the alteration fluids. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献